1 Kenneth Naples1 After Looking At My Latitude From Where I Am Fro ✓ Solved

1) Kenneth Naples: 1. After looking at my latitude from where I am from in New York I realize that due to the long winters I do not get enough vitamin D from direct sunlight, and it is a common issue for people in the area due to these conditions. To reach the recommended amount of vitamin D per week you should go out side at least three days a week for ten to thirty minutes. You should also be wearing clothes that show some skin, like a tank top and some shorts to have enough skin exposed to the sun. 2.

Personally i think i would benefit from vitmain D supplementation, I don't really get enough due to the area that I'm from does not give a lot of exposure to receive vitamin D during the year because its cold for a long time of the year. I would prefer to get it naturally but taking supplements isn't a bad option. 3. I would like to try and increase my intake of vitamin D from a combination of foods that are rich in vitamin D and increase my time exposed in direct sunlight. I feel like that could be beneficial for receiving more vitamin D easier, but it also gives me another reason to go outside and possibly get active.

2) Rachel Mullican: 1. The latitude where I am at is 27.2046° N, 77.4977° E. I do not live in a region where my body synthesizes vitamin D all year round because I am not close to the equator. People who live farther from the equator need more sun than people who are closer to the equator. There are other ways to get vitamins as we learned in this chapter.

There are supplements and foods that contain vitamin D. In mid-summer, the recommendation is to get 10-30 minutes of midday sunlight several times a week. 2. I am personally out in the sun a lot, but I feel a vitamin D supplement would not hurt. Vitamin D supplements are safe and inexpensive.

Winter might be a good time to take a vitamin D supplement because we are not out in the sun as much because it is cold. 3. I love being outside and in the sun, so if I were to try to increase my vitamin D levels it would definitely be the sun. However, as I mentioned above during the winter it might be easier to get it through food or supplements. From what I ate yesterday, it looks like I ate around 1100mg of sodium.

This is right around where the recommendations say so I feel I do get enough calcium in my diet. 3) Grace 1. Go online and find the latitude of your geographic area. Do you live in a region where your body can synthesize vitamin D from sunlight all year long, or only from late spring to early fall? In mid-summer, how much sun exposure would you need per week to synthesize adequate vitamin D?

My hometown is 38.4820° N, 90.7415° W. Where I am from, you can mostly only synthesize in the late spring to early fall. Wearing a tank top and shorts for 10–30 minutes three times per week during mid-summer be sufficient amount of vitamin D. 2. Do you think you would benefit from vitamin D supplementation?

Why or why not? I do not think I would benefit for vitamin D supplementation from late spring to early fall because during this time, I spent enough time outside during this time to have a sufficient amount of vitamin D. But during the winter it would most likely be beneficial. 3. Would you prefer to try to increase your circulating levels of vitamin D through natural foods, fortified foods, supplements, or increased sun exposure?

State your reasoning. I would prefer to do it from increasing sun exposure. I love spending time outside and having an increase in sun exposure would be a great reason to be outside swimming, hiking, bike riding and other outdoor activities. It is also an easier way to get your vitamin D. Trying to get the recommended amount just by eating natural, fortified foods is much more difficult.

I would also be fine using supplements. 4. Calculate your calcium intake. My estimated daily calcium intake was 738 milligrams. My recommended daily calcium intake is 1000 milligrams.

Operative Paradigm by DBA. Learner A Paper Presented in Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements of BADM 702 Foundations of Doctoral Research DATE Address: . City, State, Zip: Phone: E-mail: Instructor: Mentor: Abstract The purpose of this paper is to develop a personal "operative paradigm" based on a review of the paradigmatic assumptions and concepts involved in each of the three basic methodological approaches in organization and management research. First, a brief review of the three basic methodological approaches in organization and management research is conducted. Second, the preferred personal "operative paradigm" is covered based on the following components: assumptions, concepts, propositions, hypotheses, variables, and operational definitions.

Table of Contents Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………………………. Three Methodological Assumptions and Concepts………………………………………………. My Operative Paradigm…………………………………………………………………………... Assumptions………………………………………………………………………………………. Concepts………………………………………………………………………………………… Propositions……………………………………………………………………………………… Hypotheses……………………………………………………………………………………….

Variables……………………………………………………………………………………… Operational Definitions…………………………………………………………………………. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………. References………………………………………………………………………………………. Three Methodological Assumptions and Concepts There are three basic methodological approaches in organization and management research according to Arbnor and Bjerke (1997). There are underlying paradigmatic assumptions and concepts in each of the three basic methodological approaches.

According to Gephart (1999), the three paradigms or worldviews, which are prominent in contemporary social research, are positivism, interpretivism, and critical theory/postmodernism. Positivism guides the analytical approach, interpretivism guides the systems approach, and critical theory/ postmodernism guides the actors approach. Positivism has become a dominant institutional form in social research while interpretivism and critical theory/postmodernism are increasingly common in management and organizational scholarship but because of their relative newness in application, they are not so well understood (Gephart, 1999). Arbnor and Bjerke (1997) view the concept of the operative paradigm as a bridge between a methodological approach and a study area.

In other words, paradigms are important in how researchers create knowledge about reality. In accordance with the positivist paradigm, the analytical methodological approach attempts to explain knowledge. The researcher assumes it is an objective world which science can 'mirror' with privileged knowledge. In accordance with the interpretivist paradigm, the systems methodological approach assumes it is an intersubjective world, which science can represent with concepts of actors and the social construction of reality. In accordance with the critical theory/postmodernist paradigm, the actors methodological approach assumes that “reality†is structured of contradictions and/or exploitation, which can be objectively known only by removing tacit ideological biases.

Each of the three methodologies is driven by key assumptions. The analytical approach assumes that reality is objective, the whole is equal to the sum of its parts, knowledge does not depend on individuals, and parts are explained by verified judgments. The systems approach assumes that much of reality is objectively accessible, that the whole is greater than the sum of its individual parts, knowledge depends on interdependent systems, and parts are explained (sometimes understood) by the characteristics of the whole. The actors approach assumes that reality is a social construction, the whole exists only as a meaning of structures that are socially constructed, knowledge depends on individuals, and the whole is understood via the actor's finite provinces of meaning.

In assessing the productivity of the three approaches over the years, Arbnor and Bjerke (1997) have noted that the social sciences have used the analytical approach to accumulate an impressive number of empirical theses to create a significant body of knowledge. But in recent years, the research guided by systems and actors approaches has been increasing in frequency in order to address the gaps in analytical research designs (Mohrman reference here). The basic paradigmatic assumptions of the analytical approach are to determine a problem, to describe, to explain, to forecast, and to guide. Similar to the analytical approach the basic paradigmatic assumptions of the systems approach are to determine a type of system, to describe, to determine relations, to forecast, and to guide.

Contrary to the analytical and the systems approaches the basic paradigmatic assumptions of the actors approach are to denote the conceptual meaning of social phenomena, which can be actors based, structurally based, or dialectically based. A key strength of the analytical approach is that it strives to find causes that are independent of each other. A vulnerability of the analytical approach is that there is a chance that the effect in question will not take place in the given situation even if the causes are present. A key strength of the systems approach is its synergistic effect. In other words, to discover not only the content of the individual components, but also the way they are put together and interrelate.

A vulnerability of the systems approach is that it is not possible to remove any of the factors from a systems picture without risking that the total picture will be seriously affected. A key strength of the actors approach is the appreciation of the symbolic meaning of a shared reality, because the parts that are held in common by the group, organization or entire society constitutes common parts of reality for the inclusive group. A vulnerability of the actors approach is as we continuously reinterpret the sets of meaning that are in play in these relations the meaning tends to become ambiguous. The future of these three methodologies in creating management theory is promising as scholar-practitioners come closer to developing a language for understanding the relationship between the methodological approach and the area to be studied.

A Personal Operative Paradigm My operative paradigm, or worldview regarding management and organization research, is prominent in contemporary social research. I have come to understand that my view of research has been influenced by the positivist paradigm. Auguste Comte () introduced the "positive" paradigm, which held that social behavior could be studied and understood in a rational and scientific manner in contrast to explanations based in religion or superstition. Sometimes the positivist view is extended to the assumption that human beings act rationally in their daily lives. Post positivism is a view that stresses that observation and measurement cannot be as purely objective as implied by the positivistic image of science.

Arbnor and Bjerke state that theorists of science use the paradigm concept to describe basic philosophical conceptions that are of importance to practical research, consulting, and/or investigation (p.14, 1997). Assumptions The positivist paradigm assumes an objective world which science can 'mirror' with privileged knowledge. The goal of the paradigm is to uncover truth and facts as quantitatively specified relations among variables. The types of analysis used include experiments; questionnaires; secondary data analysis; quantitatively coded documents; statistical analysis; scaling; and structural equation modeling. Qualitative analysis can also be utilized with grounded theory testing in the positivist paradigm.

The positivist paradigm and the analytical approach share key assumptions such as, reality is objective, the whole is equal to the sum of its parts, knowledge does not depend on individuals, and parts are explained by verified judgments. Arbnor and Bjerke state because the social world is perceived as equally tangible, concrete, and real by the creator of knowledge, and just as independent of the observer as the natural world that reality becomes an external and objective phenomenon, which allows it to be accurately measured and observed (p.25, 1997). In other words, this means once the researcher gets to know, measures, or observes the different parts of the whole, and then the parts may be combined to get a total picture.

Positivism assumes that the world is objective and therefore within this paradigm the researcher often searches for facts among correlations and associations between variables. Post positivism is an evolution stemming from positivism. Post positivism and positivism are consistent in the assumption that an objective world exists, but at the same time aware that what is captured in the study of variable relations or facts may only be probabilistic and not deterministic in nature. Because of the probabilistic nature of research results in positivism there is a focus on falsification, rather than verification given the complexity of real world organizational behavior problems. Furthermore, it is at times impossible to assess all the possible variables to determine or verify a relationship among variables.

Grounded theory is being utilized more often now, as post positivists try to assess variables and the relationships among the variables in circumstances where quantitative measurement and statistical controls are not possible. Although, grounded theory in post positivism, is still aimed at confirmation, validation, or falsification of hypotheses to uncovering relationships among variables. This is contrary to the use of grounded theory in interpretive research in which case, it is applied to understand important distinctions and patterns to reveal meanings. Concepts Researchers using the analytical approach within the positivist paradigm use the following concepts: reality and models; causal relations; explanations and hypotheses; deduction, induction, and verification; operational definitions; the concept of analysis; and ceteris paribus ('other things being equal') according to Arbnor and Bjerke (p.81, 1997).

Propositions Propositions in the positivist paradigm take the form of statements that affirm or deny something. According to Arbnor and Bjerke (1997), scientists wanted to make the criterion loose enough to incorporate all the possibilities of creating knowledge, therefore to positivists, falsification became the acceptable means to verify a statement. Hypotheses The positivist paradigm uses verified hypotheses involving valid, reliable and precisely measured variables. The hypothesis is an expectation about the nature of thing derived from theory. It is a statement about something that should be observed in the real world if the theory is correct.

Therefore hypothesis testing and verification, as is utilized in the positivist paradigm, is to determine whether the expectations that a hypothesis represents are indeed found to exist in the real world. Verified hypotheses involving valid, reliable and precisely measured variables are the most used designs because casual studies are conducted to detect causal relationships and correlational studies are geared toward understanding certain relationships whether descriptive (trying to describe certain phenomena at the workplace) or analytical (focusing on testing hypotheses). These research designs are most closely associated with the analytical methodological approach. The basic paradigmatic assumptions of the analytical approach are to determine a problem, to describe, to explain, to forecast, and to guide.

Thus the positivist focus on experimental and quantitative methods used to test and verify hypotheses have been superceded or complemented to some extent by an interest in using qualitative methods to gather broader information outside of readily measured variables. Variables Variables are logical groupings of attributes. In the positivist paradigm theories describe relationships that may be logically expected among variables. Often this expectation is causal in nature or involves the notion of causation. Therefore, a person's attributes on one variable are expected to cause, predispose, or encourage a particular attribute on another variable.

It is the aim of the analytical methodological approach to discover and interpret relationships among variables. In the construction of a theory in the positivist paradigm, the researcher would derive an expectation about the relationship between the two variable based on what we know about each variable. The theory is constructed of variable language describing the associations that might be logically expected to exist between particular attributes of different variables. In hypothesis testing and in tests of statistical significance, the positivist researcher may conclude that two variables are related after having statistically rejected the null hypothesis. Operational Definitions Operationalization in the positivist paradigm is one step beyond conceptualization.

In other words, operationalization is the process of developing operational defininitions. An operational definition is the concrete and specific definition of something in terms of the operations by which observations are to be categorized and/or measured. In the positivist paradigm, a feature of the scientific method is the search for evidence based on observation as the basis for knowledge. The term empirical refers to this valuing of observation-based evidence. Therefore, the scientific method seeks truth through observed evidence not through authority, tradition or ideology.

According to Arbnor and Bjerke because the social world is perceived as equally tangible, concrete, and real by the creator of knowledge, and just as independent of the observer as the natural world, reality becomes an external and objective phenomenon that allows itself to be accurately measured and observed (p. 25, 1997). Creating knowledge in this category usually takes the form of controlled experiments or surveys that consider only manifest phenomena or phenomena that is possible to describe and or observe. Therefore definitions should be made as operational or measurable as possible. Objective measurements are ideal in the positivist paradigm and analytical methodological approach.

Conclusion Increasingly, grounded theory is being used by post-positivists to examine and assess variables and their relationships in situations where quantitative measurement and statistical controls are not possible. It is important to note however that the uses of grounded theory in post-positivism are oriented to confirmation and validation or falsification of hypotheses and to uncovering or surfacing relationships among variables, in contrast to uses of grounded theory in interpretive research where it is applied to understand important distinctions and patterns in members' meanings. One can expect that in future, post-positivists will remain concerned with developing methods which preserve contexts and broader meanings associated with data, and in general to try to develop approaches to deal with the other problems with positivist methods which interpretivists and critical postmodernists have identified.

References Arbnor, I., & Bjerke, B. (1997). Methodology for creating business knowledge (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Babbie, E. (2000). The practice of social research (9th ed.).

Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Gephart, R. (1999, summer). Paradigms and research methods. Research Methods Forum 4 . R etreived October 8, 2003, from Kuhn, T. (1996).

The structure of scientific revolutions, 3rd ed. Chicago: The University of Chicago. Mohrman… ii

Paper for above instructions

Assignment Solution: Exploring Vitamin D and Its Implications

Introduction

Vitamin D is a crucial fat-soluble vitamin that plays an integral role in bone health, immune function, and overall well-being. Given its widespread health implications, understanding the sources and factors influencing vitamin D levels, particularly in different geographical regions, is increasingly relevant. This paper explores the impact of latitude on vitamin D synthesis from sunlight, personal reflections from individuals residing at various latitudes regarding their vitamin D needs, and potential strategies to optimize intake.

Vitamin D Synthesis and Latitude

Vitamin D synthesis in human skin occurs through a photochemical reaction triggered by ultraviolet B (UVB) rays, which are most prevalent in sunlight. Latitude significantly influences the angle of sunlight and the amount of UVB radiation that reaches the Earth's surface. The closer an individual resides to the equator, the more consistent the exposure to sunlight throughout the year, facilitating year-round vitamin D synthesis (Holick, 2004). For instance, individuals in New York (approximately 40.7128° N) have a limited capacity for vitamin D synthesis during the long winters, requiring alternative sources such as dietary intake or supplementation to meet their needs (Naples, 2023).
Conversely, individuals residing closer to the equator, like those at 27.2046° N, experience higher UVB levels year-round, thereby allowing for sufficient vitamin D synthesis primarily through sun exposure (Mullican, 2023). Nonetheless, it is essential to consider that factors such as skin pigmentation, lifestyle, and cultural practices affecting sun exposure can further modulate vitamin D levels, making it imperative to assess each individual's unique circumstances (Wacker & Holick, 2013).

Recommendations for Vitamin D Intake

Sun Exposure

A common recommendation for sufficient vitamin D synthesis is achieving 10 to 30 minutes of midday sunlight exposure several times a week during summer months (Gordon et al., 2004). For individuals in northern latitudes, it is advisable to maximize sun exposure during late spring to early fall when UVB radiation is more abundant (Naples, 2023; Grace, 2023). Utilizing clothing that exposes more skin, such as tank tops and shorts, can enhance vitamin D synthesis. However, during colder months, particularly in winter, individuals may face challenges in achieving adequate levels of UVB exposure, necessitating alternative strategies to supplement vitamin D levels.

Supplementation

Supplementing vitamin D can be a practical and effective strategy for individuals living in regions with limited sunlight, particularly during winter months (Naples, 2023; Mullican, 2023). As Rachel Mullican noted, vitamin D supplements are safe and widely available, making them a viable option to counteract seasonal deficiencies. Moreover, vitamin D deficiency has been linked to several health conditions, including bone disorders such as osteomalacia and rickets, as well as potential impacts on immune system function (Lips, 2006). Therefore, incorporating vitamin D supplements can be particularly beneficial in preventing deficiency and promoting optimal health outcomes.

Dietary Sources

Increasing dietary intake of vitamin D-rich foods is another feasible strategy to enhance levels (Naples, 2023). Foods naturally rich in vitamin D include fatty fish (e.g., salmon, mackerel), egg yolks, and certain types of mushrooms. Additionally, fortified foods, such as milk, orange juice, and cereals, can significantly contribute to dietary vitamin D intake (Institute of Medicine, 2011). Grace's perspective emphasizes the importance of integrating both sun exposure and dietary sources to optimize vitamin D levels throughout the year, particularly in her case, where natural foods would support her during periods of limited sun exposure.

Conclusion

Vitamin D serves as a pivotal nutrient essential for various physiological processes. As highlighted by the experiences of individuals residing at different latitudes, the opportunities for adequate vitamin D synthesis vary considerably based on geographic location. Strategies that combine sunlight exposure, dietary intake, and supplementation can help individuals achieve optimal vitamin D levels, which are crucial for maintaining overall health. Ultimately, understanding the unique challenges posed by geographical factors and individual lifestyle choices is key to fostering effective strategies for enhancing vitamin D intake.

References

1. Gordon, C. M., DePeter, K. C., Feldman, H. A., & Grant, R. (2004). Vitamin D deficiency among healthy adolescents. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 158(6), 531-537.
2. Holick, M. F. (2004). Vitamin D: a millenium perspective. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 88(2), 296-307.
3. Institute of Medicine. (2011). Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press.
4. Lips, P. (2006). Vitamin D physiology. Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, 92(1), 4-8.
5. Mullican, R. (2023). The impact of latitude on vitamin D synthesis. Personal Reflection.
6. Naples, K. (2023). Vitamin D and seasonal limitations in New York. Personal Reflection.
7. Wacker, M., & Holick, M. F. (2013). Sunlight and Vitamin D: A global perspective for health. Dermato-endocrinology, 5(1), 51-64.
8. Grant, W. B., & Holick, M. F. (2005). Vitamin D deficiency will become a global health problem. Journal of Nutrition, 135(11), 2678-2681.
9. Vitamin D Council. (2010). Vitamin D research and recommendations. Retrieved from http://www.vitamindcouncil.org.
10. Holick, M. F. (2011). Vitamin D: A D-Lightful Health Perspective. Advance in Nutrition: An International Review Journal, 2(1), 16-25.
By adhering to these recommendations and embracing a multifaceted approach tailored to personal circumstances and geographic realities, individuals can optimize their vitamin D levels and promote long-term health.