1 What Is The Function Of Dna Polymerase I How Replication Eye And F ✓ Solved

1. What is the function of DNA polymerase I? How replication eye and forks are formed? 2. Explain Okazaki fragments, leading and lagging strands?

How Okazaki fragments are involved in DNA replication? 3. Describe the process of DNA replication with proof reading, nick translation, Klenow fragment and involvement of metal ions for DNA polymerase? 4. Explain the characteristics of different types of prokaryotic DNA polymerases?

5. Describe the synthesis of DNA with leading and lagging strands with formation of replisome, sliding clamp and termination steps? 1 FORCE FIELD ANALYSIS 2 FORCE FIELD ANALYSIS Force Field Analysis Any business aspiring to make a change in its operations must use the force field analysis because it is a strategic tool used to take action whenever the cause of a problem in the business is established. The force field analysis is a technique based on the assumption that any situation in the organization that threatens its sustainability has forces that are for or against the organization's stability. The applied remedies will ensure that the business goes back to operate optimally.

Since the procurement department has been marred with corruption scandals in the recent past and some employees were fired, the kickback culture can negatively influence the remaining employees, especially the older ones who have served the organization for the past fifteen years (Hayes, 2018). Therefore, the purpose of the force field analysis is to ensure that there is a complete change in the way operations are done in the procurement department and instill a better culture that will enable the procurement department to operate effectively. The CEO may have a good intention to impose the change on the employees for the organization's stability. However, some factors may lead to resistance, and the employees may view it as a witch hunt.

Unless there is proper communication, the older stuff will be very reluctant to embrace the organization's new procurement processes. Fear of failure is another threat to the implementation of the change, and a proper strategy must be employed to have the buy-ins of all the stakeholders in the shipping industry. The process of introducing the change will have to follow the Kurt-Lewin three-step models to change. The models entails; unfreeze, change, and then refreeze. In simple terms, the unfreezing process explains the need for the change, and the stakeholders will have a clear explanation of what is needed to make the industry better.

Once the people understand the importance of the change and realize that the change is meant for their good, 3 FORCE FIELD ANALYSIS they will embrace it (Hayes, 2018). Finally, after the people have agreed to adopt the change, the new norm will be solidified to be a business culture Cummings, (Bridgman, & Brown, 2016). Identifying the areas of change Identification is the first step in the process of introducing change. The unethical culture of kickbacks can have adverse effects on the organization and may lead to poor quality services and losses in the long run. The complete metamorphosis in the procurement industry involves the process of negotiating contracts.

The old method will be changed to a transparent and ethical one free from any corruption loophole. Further, the selection of vendors is essential to ensure that the process is merit-based and free and fair because entertaining feedback will make the process result in a negative approach, and finally, the purchasing of the resources will be done based on the quality of resources provided and not based on the kickback culture (Swanson, & Creed, 2014). The second thing that need change is the corruption and falsifying of receipts which is a negative culture because if it is allowed to propagate, it will hinder the principles of working in the organization. When people falsify receipts, money will be delivered to the personal accounts of the people and the account department will run short of funds, at the end, the company will run bankrupt and it will not be in a position to take care of its needs.

The unethical behavior will lead to failure in the organization and it will perform poorly. Seven steps of the force field analysis The first step of the Force Field Analysis is to ensure that the desired goal is elaborated at the top of the flip chart. The plan is to have a goal which will eradicate the two vices that have become so rampant in the organization. The staff must understand the negative impacts of kickbacks and falsifying receipts because each of the vice will have a negative effect on the Etta Steed Etta Steed 4 FORCE FIELD ANALYSIS organization. The importance of ethics and effects of the corrupt behavior of kickbacks must be elaborate to make the employees see the need of change.

The second step will be to assess the current situation, such as the resistance and the negative culture enshrined in the procurement department. Assessing the situation will be important in shaping the objectives of the change and will facilitate the organization to obtain buy-ins. The objective will then be identified, and it can be matched with the SWOT analysis, which is arrived at from the assessment. The SWOT analysis conducted will give a clear overview of the organizational strength and the management can use the strength to eradicate the negative culture of kickbacks hence better performance in the long run. Later, all the driving factors are determined to ascertain how they will help in managing the situation.

In the force field analysis, the factors that are for the change are analyzed and escalated to make the dream of change to come true. The employees wish to be stable and have job security drives them to work more diligently for the company. It will be explained to them that once they make the business to go down through their shoddy deals, they will be the first people to suffer the losses. Having the forces supporting the behavioral change will lead to a positive change in the people and the business will thrive. Later, all the restraining forces are determined, and any negative factors like resistance are likely to hinder the progress of the change from making the organization efficient in its operations.

The troops are then evaluated so that the positive forces can have an impact on the opposing forces. In the long run, an action plan can arrive, which ensures that the change is imposed successfully in the organization and all the resistant strengths are analyzed in time to give better results. Once the seven steps are completed, a force field analysis technique will take effect, and the procurement department will perform better. The other negative culture of selfishness to the extent of forging receipts will be analyzed in details to come up with ways of eradicating the force e.g. through training and motivation. Etta Steed Etta Steed Etta Steed Etta Steed What are the strengths, weaknesses, threats, and opportunities?

Etta Steed 5 FORCE FIELD ANALYSIS Force Field Visual Diagram (Hayes, 2018). Narration of the analysis connected The analysis was covered in a SWOT analysis to get the factors that are likely to facilitate the change and the potential factors against the change. The research checked all the elements that are in support of the change. For example, the CEO fully supports the difference, and therefore, any resources that may be required to implement the changes will be readily available. Further, the presence of new employees in the procurement department, especially those who replaced the culprits fired because of kickbacks, will provide a smooth avenue to change the policies because Etta Steed What research?

Etta Steed You never did provide a SWOT analysis. 6 FORCE FIELD ANALYSIS they do not have any other knowledge of the previous approach, so there will be no need to unfreeze cultures (Swanson, & Creed, 2014). Action steps using the Kurt Lewin’s theory The Kurt Lewin’s theory is an important element which helped me to take care of the change that was required in the organization. Unfreezing was already done by firing the major culprits and those who remained and the new employees who came to picture were part of the new people who had nothing in mind. The change is introducing integrity and I will set up performance appraisal which will enable the staff get used to the new system of being accountable to both the accounting department and the human resource that all money paid to the company is beneficial to it.

Once all the staff understand the need for integrity and becomes a norm, it will be solidified and people in the organization will be used to clean transactions without fraud or kickbacks. The organization has an excellent communication strategy that can enable any information to be shared effectively and timely, and therefore implementing the change will be possible. On the other hand, some factors hinder the organization from implementing the difference and will need to be addressed before the change can be implemented successfully. The older employees, for example, will be resistant to change and may hinder the difference; there will also be fear of failure and miscommunication, which may make the process of change implementation impossible.

However, the organization's strengths can have a better way of cushioning the hardships, and the overall force will be on the positive side (Dawson & Andriopoulos, 2014). For example, the CEO's blessings can improve employee satisfaction, which will, in turn, facilitate buy-ins from the resistant employees, and in the long run, the change will be implemented. The organizational path to success and change management must be performed through Lewins theory by first removing the Etta Steed Etta Steed Remember to use 3rd person 7 FORCE FIELD ANALYSIS existing culture of corruption through raining and motivation. Once the older culture slowly fades away, the new culture will be cemented through motivation and gifts.

Conclusion In a nutshell, the force field analysis is the best tool that organizations can use to change whenever forces are likely to impact the business negatively. The action step is to change the procurement process by first training the employees on the new style, giving them projects, and monitoring them closely to ensure that they make an efficient and ethical path when transacting in the procurement department. 8 FORCE FIELD ANALYSIS References Cummings, S., Bridgman, T., & Brown, K. G. (2016). Unfreezing change as three steps: Rethinking Kurt Lewin’s legacy for change management.

Human Relations, 69(1), 33-60. Dawson, P., & Andriopoulos, C. (2014). Managing change, creativity, and innovation. Sage. Hayes, J. (2018).

The theory and practice of change management. Palgrave. Swanson, D. J., & Creed, A. S. (2014).

Sharpening the focus of force field analysis. Journal of change management, 14(1), 28-47.

Paper for above instructions

The Function of DNA Polymerase I and Mechanisms of DNA Replication

DNA replication is a vital process that ensures genetic information is accurately passed from one generation of cells to the next. Central to this process is DNA polymerase I, alongside other crucial mechanisms and components involved in DNA synthesis. This discussion will explore the function of DNA polymerase I, the structure of the replication fork and replication eye, Okazaki fragments, the leading and lagging strands, and additional components facilitating DNA replication, including proofreading mechanisms and the roles of various prokaryotic DNA polymerases.

1. Function of DNA Polymerase I

DNA polymerase I is an essential enzyme in prokaryotic organisms, most notably in Escherichia coli. Its primary function is to synthesize DNA in a 5' to 3' direction, using a DNA template strand (Lehninger et al., 2008). The enzyme also plays a crucial role in the removal of RNA primers laid down during DNA replication and replacing them with DNA nucleotides. This process, known as "nick translation," is vital for the integrity of newly synthesized DNA (Snyder & Champness, 2013).

2. Formation of Replication Eye and Forks

During DNA replication, specific areas of the DNA double helix unwind to form a replication fork. The replication eye is the circular region where DNA strands separate, allowing for simultaneous replication. This process creates two replication forks that move away from each other, facilitating DNA synthesis on both strands (Kornberg & Baker, 1992).
The helicase enzyme unwinds the DNA double helix, while single-strand binding proteins stabilize the unwound DNA strands, preventing them from re-annealing (Kornberg & Baker, 1992). Notably, the replication fork consists of a leading strand, which is synthesized continuously, and a lagging strand, which is synthesized in short segments known as Okazaki fragments due to the antiparallel nature of DNA strands.

3. Okazaki Fragments, Leading and Lagging Strands

As mentioned, the DNA replication fork has two distinct strands: the leading strand and the lagging strand. The leading strand is synthesized continuously as the replication fork progresses, while the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously, producing short segments known as Okazaki fragments (Baker & Kornberg, 1992).
Each Okazaki fragment begins with an RNA primer synthesized by primase, allowing DNA polymerase I to extend these fragments (Snyder & Champness, 2013). Once the entire lagging strand has been replicated, the RNA primers are removed, and DNA polymerase I synthesizes DNA to fill in the gaps between the Okazaki fragments. Finally, DNA ligase seals the nicks in the sugar-phosphate backbone to create a continuous strand of DNA.

4. Proofreading, Nick Translation, and Klenow Fragment in DNA Polymerase

DNA polymerase I is equipped with proofreading abilities that enhance the fidelity of DNA replication. It contains a 3' to 5' exonuclease activity that allows it to remove incorrectly paired nucleotides during synthesis (O'Donnell et al., 2013). This proofreading function minimizes errors and maintains the integrity of the genetic information.
Nick translation refers to the replacement of RNA primers with DNA, facilitated by DNA polymerase I. During this process, DNA polymerase I synthesizes new DNA in a 5' to 3' direction while simultaneously degrading the upstream RNA primer (Kornberg & Baker, 1992). The Klenow fragment, a large proteolytic product of DNA polymerase I, retains both polymerase and 3' to 5' exonuclease activity, but lacks the 5' to 3' exonuclease activity, making it a useful tool in molecular biology for specific applications such as creating blunt-end DNA fragments (Tabor & Richardson, 1985).
Metal ions, specifically magnesium (Mg²⁺), are critical for the activity of DNA polymerases. They aid in stabilizing the negative charge of the nucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs) and facilitate the nucleophilic attack during the polymerization process (Tabor & Richardson, 1985).

5. Characteristics of Prokaryotic DNA Polymerases

Prokaryotic organisms possess multiple DNA polymerases, each with distinct functions (Kornberg & Baker, 1992). The main polymerases include:
- DNA Polymerase I: Functions in DNA repair and RNA primer removal.
- DNA Polymerase II: Primarily involved in DNA repair mechanisms.
- DNA Polymerase III: The primary enzyme responsible for DNA replication, having high processivity and synthesizing both leading and lagging strands.
Other polymerases, such as DNA Polymerase IV and V, are involved in translesion DNA synthesis, allowing replication across damaged DNA (Snyder & Champness, 2013). These enzymes exhibit a mix of high fidelity and adaptability, highlighting the prokaryotic cell's resilience in maintaining genomic stability.

6. Synthesis of DNA with Leading and Lagging Strands

During DNA synthesis, the creation of a replisome—a complex of proteins at the replication fork—is essential. The replisome includes DNA polymerases, helicase, primase, and single-strand binding proteins (Kornberg & Baker, 1992). The sliding clamp, consisting of the β-clamp, enhances the processivity of DNA polymerases by encircling the DNA. This clamp keeps the polymerase tethered to the DNA template, allowing for rapid elongation (O'Donnell et al., 2013).
Following the synthesis process, termination occurs once the entire genome is replicated. Certain termination sequences in the DNA signal the DNA polymerase to halt replication, ensuring that replication does not continue indefinitely (Kornberg & Baker, 1992).

Conclusion

DNA polymerase I and associated mechanisms play crucial roles in the replication and maintenance of genetic information. Understanding these processes is vital for advancing research in genetics, molecular biology, and biotechnology. These insights into the structure and function of various DNA polymerases and replication mechanisms can aid in developing therapeutic strategies for genetic disorders and enhancing biotechnological applications.

References

1. Baker, T. A., & Kornberg, A. (1992). A Second DNA Polymerase from Escherichia coli. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 267(18), 11451-11454.
2. Kornberg, A., & Baker, T. A. (1992). DNA Replication. W. H. Freeman and Company.
3. Lehninger, A. L., Nelson, D. L., & Cox, M. M. (2008). Principles of Biochemistry. W. H. Freeman and Company.
4. O'Donnell, M., Langston, L., & Stillman, B. (2013). Principles and properties of DNA polymerases. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 288(16), 11365-11371.
5. Snyder, L., & Champness, J. (2013). Molecular Genetics of Bacteria. ASM Press.
6. Tabor, S., & Richardson, C. C. (1985). DNA Polymerase I from Escherichia coli: A Kinetic Analysis of the Klenow Fragment. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 260(24), 13792-13800.
7. DnaE (DNA Polymerase III Alpha Subunit). (2014). In M. A. M. von der Ahe (Ed.), Escherichia coli: Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (pp. 330-352). Springer.
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9. Shapiro, L. (1997). The Structure and Function of DNA Polymerases. Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure, 26(1), 479-522.
10. Yang, W. (2014). DNA polymerase structure and mechanism. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 15(2), 104-120.