1discuss The Differences Between Ionizing And Non Ionizing Radiation ✓ Solved
1. Discuss the differences between ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. Provide one example of an occupational exposure to ionizing radiation and one to non-ionizing radiation. How do the differences influence the control methods used for these two types of radiation? PLEASE PARAPHRASE/REWRITE ANSWER TO QUESTION 1 BELOW There are two types of radiation exposure, which include ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation.
The difference between the two is that ionizing radiations deposit sufficient energy in tissues to cause ionization and subsequent biological effects and non-ionizing radiation is not energetic enough to cause ionizations, but can cause thermal effects that could lead to subsequent biological effects (Mroszczyk, 2012). X-ray Technicians employees who work in hospitals are exposed to ionizing radiation on a daily basis. X-ray machines produce high-energy ionizing radiation, which can penetrate the skin and cause damage to living cells through ionization. We all are exposed to non-ionizing radiation on a daily basis. Every time employees heat up food in the microwave or talk on cell phones during breaks, they are exposing themselves to non-ionizing radiation.
The three primary control methods for radiation are time, distance, and shielding. Ionizing radiation is very different from non-ionizing radiation because of their physical properties and abilities. For example, radioactive radiation can’t be turned off, but non-ionizing radiation can be reduced by turning any device that produces non-ionizing radiation when they are not in use (Mroszczyk, 2012). The fact that ionizing radiation penetrates the skin and non-ionizing radiation doesn’t is another consideration that should be taking into account when establishing control methods. Non-ionizing radiation can be controlled or reduced via shielding and controlling the distance, which would reduce the exposure.
Ionizing radiation can be reduced and controlled by preventing unauthorized people from entering radioactive places, raising employees awareness on radiation, reducing the distance, using PPE, practicing great hygiene, using remote handling, shielding, and reducing the time employees are exposed to radioactive material (Mroszczyk, 2012). Reference: Mroszczyk, J. W. (Ed.). (2012). Safety engineering (4th ed.). Des Plaines, IL: American Society of Safety Engineers.
2. OSHA currently enforces an eight-hour, time-weighted average (TWA) PEL of 90 dBA, and uses a 5 dB exchange rate. NIOSH recommends an eight-hour TWA exposure limit of 85 dBA and a 3 dB exchange rate. The 85 dBA limit and 3 dB exchange rate is also used as a threshold limit value (TLV) by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) as well as many European countries. Discuss using a 5 dB exchange rate versus a 3 dB exchange rate in protecting workers’ hearing.
Make a case for the use of either the 90 dBA PEL and 5 dB exchange rates or the 85 dBA REL and a 3 dB exchange rate. PLEASE PARAPHRASE/REWRITE ANSWER TO QUESTION 2. BELOW Basically, the OSHA noise standards make use of the noise dosimeter, which is the primary instrument for making compliance measurements. The standards has an exchange rate of 5 decibels, a frequency weighting of value A, a slow response rate, a criterion level of 90 dBA and a threshold of either 80 or 90 dBA. These two thresholds are used to measure dosimeter settings for noise exposure to different employees (Ostergaard, 1986).
The 80-dBA thresholds is used to measure the noise exposure to those employees identified during the walk around whose exposure may exceed the 85 dBA time weighted average limit. The 85-dBA-threshold dosimeter is used to measure the noise dose of those employees identified during the walk around and their exposure exceeds 85 dBA. NIOSH on the other hand have their exposures based on the 3-dBA exchange rates. The PEL is 85 dBA and the allowable TLVs for the noise range from 80 dBA for a period of 24 hours to 138 dBA for 0.11 seconds (OSHA, 1983). No exposure to continuous, intermittent or impact noise exceeds a peak C weighted sound level and is required for workers exposed to noise above the TLV levels.
An example of the application of the 90 dBA PEL and 5 dB exchange rate is applied is the enforcement of this standard by the mining and safety authority in mines. The NIOSH REL formula is more logical because the allowable exposure time is cut in half for every 3-dBA increase in sound level. Using NIOSH formula will provide more protection for employees because it recommends the use of hearing protection at levels that are well below the enforceable OSHA PEL’s. References OSHA [1983]. CPL 2-2.35A-29 CFR 1910.95(b)(1), Guidelines for noise enforcement; Appendix A.
Washington DC: U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, OSHA Directive No. CPL 2-2.35A (December 19, 1983). Ostergaard PB [1986]. Physics of sound.
In: Berger EH, Ward WD, Morrill JC, Royster LH, eds. Noise and hearing conservation manual. Akron, OH: American Industrial Hygiene Association. 3. Compare and contrast the primary exposure routes for hazardous materials.
How does the route of exposure influence the type of control method that you would recommend? PLEASE PARAPHRASE/REWRITE ANSWER TO QUESTION 3 BELOW. The primary routes of exposure to hazardous materials include inhalation, absorption through the skin ingestion and injection. Inhalation is the primary route through which hazardous chemicals gain entry into the body. The materials that gain entry through this route are mainly air borne.
Absorption on the other hand is carried out through the skin. The skin being the largest organ on the body is exposed to both liquid and airborne materials. This route can be very rapid especially if the skin has a cut or is abraded. A skin that is intact is a good barrier to the entry of chemicals (Mroszczyk, 2012). Ingestion involves the intake of chemically hazardous materials by swallowing.
People tend to ingest harmful chemicals by eating, drinking or smoking of the contaminated food and drinks. Injections take place when a sharp object punctures the skin and allows the entry of chemicals and other infections into the body. Different materials are controlled using different methods depending on the route of exposure. Materials that can gain entry into the body through inhalation can be controlled by wearing protective masks. Materials that can gain entry into the body through absorption via the skin are either liquid in nature or airborne.
This can be controlled by ensuring that all open cuts on the skin are covered at all times and also wear protective clothing when handling hazardous materials (Mroszczyk, 2012). Entry through ingestion can be prevented by ensuring that food and drinks are covered at all times and should never be taken in hazardous environments. Finally, entry through injection can be prevented by ensuring that one wears shoes and protective clothing at all times when handling hazardous materials. Reference Mroszczyk, J. W. (Ed.). (2012).Safety engineering (4th ed.).
Des Plaines, IL: American Society of Safety Engineers. 4. Compare two methods used to evaluate an employee's inhalation exposure to a hazardous material. Which method do you believe provides the most accurate measure of an employee's exposure? PLEASE PARAPHRASE/REWRITE ANSWER TO QUESTION 4 BELOW.
Air sampling is useful in evaluating an employee’s inhalation exposure. There a number of different techniques that is used to determine the concentration of toxic substances, flammable materials and airborne contaminants. There are two different sampling techniques which include Grab sampling and integrated sampling. Grab sampling is basically short term and take samples of toxic substance that are usually known or suspected and these tests are designed for specific substances. The most common method of grab sampling involves the use of a hand pump with a sample tube for some specific substances and the tube must be calibrated to indicate the concentrations.
The sample tube changes color as the particular substances enter the tube. The accuracy of this method is questionable. Grab sampling are fast, inexpensive and can be done at any location at any time by an employee with relatively little training. Integrated sampling on the other hand is carried out continuously over a period of time in order to obtain a time weighted average exposure. This sampling technique is more accurate as compared to grab sampling but they give no indication of peak concentrations.
In my opinion, I believe that this technique gives the most accurate measures of employee exposure since it is done on a continuous basis. I also think that grab sampling should be used together with integrated sampling in order to obtain time weighted average and maximum exposure Reference Mroszczyk, J. W. (Ed.). (2012). Safety engineering (4th ed.). Des Plaines, IL: American Society of Safety Engineers.
PLEASE WRITE ANSWER FOR QUESTION 5 BELOW 5. OSHA updated 29 CFR 1910.1200, the Hazardous Communication standard in 2013. The update included new required elements for labels on hazardous materials. Discuss how the new labels compare to NFPA, HMIS, and DOT labels. Of the four labeling systems, which do you believe provides the most information about chemical safety to employees and why?
Comprehensive SOAP Template This template is for a full history and physical. For this course include only areas that are related to the case. Patient Initials: _______ Age: _______ Gender: _______ Note: The mnemonic below is included for your reference and should be removed before the submission of your final note. O = onset of symptom (acute/gradual) L= location D= duration (recent/chronic) C= character A= associated symptoms/aggravating factors R= relieving factors T= treatments previously tried – response? Why discontinued?
S= severity SUBJECTIVE DATA: Include what the patient tells you, but organize the information. Chief Complaint (CC): In just a few words, explain why the patient came to the clinic. History of Present Illness (HPI): This is the symptom analysis section of your note. Thorough documentation in this section is essential for patient care, coding, and billing analysis. Paint a picture of what is wrong with the patient.
You need to start EVERY HPI with age, race, and gender (e.g., 34-year-old AA male). You must include the seven attributes of each principal symptom in paragraph form not a list : 1. Location 2. Quality 3. Quantity or severity 4.
Timing, including onset, duration, and frequency 5. Setting in which it occurs 6. Factors that have aggravated or relieved the symptom 7. Associated manifestations Medications: Include over-the-counter, vitamin, and herbal supplements. List each one by name with dosage and frequency.
Allergies: Include specific reactions to medications, foods, insects, and environmental factors. Identify if it is an allergy or intolerance. Past Medical History (PMH): Include illnesses (also childhood illnesses), hospitalizations. Past Surgical History (PSH): Include dates, indications, and types of operations. Sexual/Reproductive History: If applicable, include obstetric history, menstrual history, methods of contraception, sexual function, and risky sexual behaviors.
Personal/Social History: Include tobacco use, alcohol use, drug use, patient’s interests, ADL’s and IADL’s if applicable, and exercise and eating habits. Immunization History: Include last Tdap, Flu, pneumonia, etc. Significant Family History: Include history of parents, grandparents, siblings, and children. Lifestyle: Include cultural factors, economic factors, safety, and support systems and sexual preference. Review of Systems: From head-to-toe, include each system that covers the Chief Complaint, History of Present Illness, and History (this includes the systems that address any previous diagnoses).
Remember that the information you include in this section is based on what the patient tells you so ensure that you include all essentials in your case (refer to Chapter 2 of the Sullivan text). General: Include any recent weight changes, weakness, fatigue, or fever, but do not restate HPI data here . HEENT: Neck: Breasts: Respiratory: Cardiovascular/Peripheral Vascular: Gastrointestinal: Genitourinary: Musculoskeletal: Psychiatric: Neurological: Skin: Hematologic: Endocrine: Allergic/Immunologic: OBJECTIVE DATA: From head-to-toe, include what you see, hear, and feel when doing your physical exam. You only need to examine the systems that are pertinent to the CC, HPI, and History unless you are doing a total H&P- only in this course.
Do not use “WNL†or “normal.†You must describe what you see. Physical Exam: Vital signs: Include vital signs, ht, wt, and BMI. General: Include general state of health, posture, motor activity, and gait. This may also include dress, grooming, hygiene, odors of body or breath, facial expression, manner, level of consciousness, and affect and reactions to people and things. HEENT: Neck: Chest Lungs: Heart Peripheral Vascular: Abdomen: Genital/Rectal: Musculoskeletal: Neurological: Skin: Include any labs, x-rays, or other diagnostics that are needed to develop the differential diagnoses.
ASSESSMENT: List your priority diagnosis (es). For each priority diagnosis, list at least three differential diagnoses, each of which must be supported with evidence and guidelines. For holistic care, you need to include previous diagnoses and indicate whether these are controlled or not controlled. These should also be included in your treatment plan. PLAN: This section is not required for the assignments in this course (NURS 6512) but will be required for future courses.
Treatment Plan: If applicable, include both pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies, alternative therapies, follow-up recommendations, referrals, consultations, and any additional labs, x-ray, or other diagnostics. Support the treatment plan with evidence and guidelines. Health Promotion: Include exercise, diet, and safety recommendations, as well as any other health promotion strategies for the patient/family. Support the health promotion recommendations and strategies with evidence and guidelines. Disease Prevention: As appropriate for the patient’s age, include disease prevention recommendations and strategies such as fasting lipid profile, mammography, colonoscopy, immunizations, etc.
Support the disease prevention recommendations and strategies with evidence and guidelines. REFLECTION: This section is not required for the assignments in this course (NURS 6512) but will be required for future courses. Reflect on your clinical experience, and consider the following questions: What did you learn from this experience? What would you do differently? Do you agree with your preceptor based on the evidence? © 2014 Laureate Education, Inc.
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Discussion on the Differences between Ionizing and Non-Ionizing Radiation
Radiation, an energy form that travels through space, can be categorized into two distinct types: ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. Understanding these differences is crucial, especially in occupational settings where exposure can pose significant health risks.
Ionizing Radiation is defined as radiation that possesses enough energy to ionize atoms or molecules by knocking electrons off, thereby creating charged particles or ions (Mroszczyk, 2012). This energy can lead to irreversible biological damage and has the potential to cause mutations, cancer, and other severe health effects. Ionizing radiation includes gamma rays, X-rays, and particles such as alpha and beta particles.
Conversely, Non-Ionizing Radiation has insufficient energy to ionize atoms and create charged particles. However, it can still cause thermal effects and possibly lead to biological changes with prolonged exposure. Commonly encountered non-ionizing radiation includes radio waves, microwaves, and visible light.
Occupational Exposure Examples: One prominent example of an occupation with exposure to ionizing radiation is X-ray technicians in medical settings. They work with X-ray machines, which produce high-energy radiation capable of penetrating tissues and potentially causing cellular damage (Mroszczyk, 2012). On the other hand, an example of non-ionizing radiation exposure can be found in workers using microwave ovens, which emit microwaves that generate heat and are often necessary in food preparation during breaks.
The fundamental differences between these two types of radiation inform the control methods required to mitigate health risks associated with exposure. The three primary control techniques include time, distance, and shielding.
Control Methods:
1. Time: Minimizing the duration of exposure to radiation reduces the risk of health impacts. This is particularly critical for ionizing radiation, where prolonged exposure can lead to severe consequences.
2. Distance: Increasing the distance from the radiation source effectively decreases exposure. This method is particularly relevant for both ionizing and non-ionizing radiation.
3. Shielding: The implementation of barriers is vital. For ionizing radiation, materials such as lead or concrete are frequently employed to reduce exposure. In contrast, non-ionizing radiation exposure can be minimized by using reflective or absorbent materials, as well as removing individuals from exposure by utilizing engineering controls like proper device design.
Ionizing radiation requires stringent control measures, including rigorous training, personal protective equipment (PPE), and remote handling capabilities (Mroszczyk, 2012). Non-ionizing radiation control methods, though, can be simpler—often involving administrative controls to minimize use when unnecessary, along with protective clothing and shielding to limit exposure.
References
Mroszczyk, J. W. (Ed.). (2012). Safety Engineering (4th ed.). Des Plaines, IL: American Society of Safety Engineers.
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Discussion on Noise Exposure Standards and Their Impact on Hearing Conservation
Occupational noise exposure poses a significant risk to workers' hearing health. In the United States, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) maintains standards (29 CFR 1910.95) that enforce an eight-hour time-weighted average permissible exposure limit (PEL) of 90 dBA, implementing a 5 dB exchange rate during monitoring. Meanwhile, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommends a lower PEL of 85 dBA, utilizing a 3 dB exchange rate (OSHA, 1983).
Noise Measurement Methods and Implications: OSHA employs a noise dosimeter, which measures exposure by calculating how long an employee is exposed to different sound levels throughout their work shift. The methodology incorporates a 5 dB exchange rate, meaning that for every increase of 5 dB over 90 dBA, the permissible exposure time is halved (Ostergaard, 1986).
NIOSH's strategy, employing a 3 dB exchange rate, is stricter, reducing permissible exposure time at a lower sound level of 85 dBA. This method suggests that exposure should be limited to half the time, adjusting the risk for workers significantly (OSHA, 1983).
Comparison of Standards: The application of 90 dBA PEL within a 5 dB exchange rate facilitates broader compliance among businesses, especially in industries such as mining, where enforcing lower limits may incur high operational costs. Conversely, NIOSH's proposed 85 dBA limit offers increased protection for employees by recommending hearing protection earlier, prioritizing employee health over economic considerations (OSHA, 1983; Ostergaard, 1986).
In conclusion, while OSHA's framework is beneficial for operational feasibility, the NIOSH recommendations are more protective in nature, focusing on proactively safeguarding workers from noise-induced hearing loss.
References
OSHA. (1983). CPL 2-2.35A-29 CFR 1910.95(b)(1), Guidelines for Noise Enforcement; Appendix A. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Labor.
Ostergaard, P. B. (1986). Physics of Sound. In E.H. Berger, W.D. Ward, J.C. Morrill & L.H. Royster (Eds.), Noise and Hearing Conservation Manual. Akron, OH: American Industrial Hygiene Association.
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Analysis of Routes of Exposure to Hazardous Materials and Control Methods
Workers can be exposed to hazardous materials primarily through four routes: inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, and injection. Understanding these routes is crucial for developing effective control strategies to safeguard worker health.
1. Inhalation is the most common route of exposure, often involving airborne contaminants that can enter the lungs and bloodstream rapidly.
2. Absorption through the skin allows chemicals to penetrate bodily systems, mostly occurring through cuts or abrasions.
3. Ingestion occurs when contaminants are consumed through food or drink, often during careless hygiene practices.
4. Injection happens via sharp objects that pierce the skin, directly introducing hazardous materials into the bloodstream.
Effective control measures vary depending on the route of exposure. For airborne substances, respirators and ventilation systems are recommended to limit inhalation (Mroszczyk, 2012). For skin absorption, using protective clothing and ensuring skin integrity through proper hygiene is vital. Good housekeeping practices can prevent ingestion, while puncture-resistant gloves and safe practices help mitigate injection risks.
By tailoring these control methods to suit specific exposure routes, employers can significantly enhance worker safety in hazardous environments.
References
Mroszczyk, J. W. (Ed.). (2012). Safety Engineering (4th ed.). Des Plaines, IL: American Society of Safety Engineers.
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Evaluation Methods for Employee Inhalation Exposure to Hazardous Materials
Evaluating inhalation exposure to hazardous materials is essential for worker safety. Two prevalent methods to assess exposure are grab sampling and integrated sampling.
Grab Sampling captures short-term exposure levels by taking immediate readings of airborne substances. This method often utilizes hand pumps to collect air samples in real time, providing quick and cost-effective data. However, the limitations of grab sampling include fluctuating concentrations that may not represent overall exposure and require trained personnel for precise execution (Mroszczyk, 2012).
In contrast, Integrated Sampling collects data continuously over a set duration, yielding an accurate time-weighted average exposure. This method can effectively capture peak exposures and fluctuations over time. Hence, it provides a more comprehensive representation of employees’ exposure levels.
In my view, integrated sampling is superior due to its ability to yield more consistent and reliable exposure data over time. While grab sampling plays a role in quick assessments, integrated sampling offers critical insights necessary for long-term exposure management.
References
Mroszczyk, J. W. (Ed.). (2012). Safety Engineering (4th ed.). Des Plaines, IL: American Society of Safety Engineers.
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The OSHA Hazard Communication Standard and Labeling Systems
In 2013, OSHA revised the Hazard Communication Standard (HCS), mandated additional labeling requirements for hazardous materials to enhance chemical safety. The standard now follows standardized GHS (Globally Harmonized System) criteria, which necessitates clear hazard communication through labels and safety data sheets.
Comparison of Labeling Systems: OSHA labels must include signal words, hazard statements, precautionary statements, and pictograms that effectively convey chemical hazards to employees. In contrast, the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) and Hazardous Materials Identification System (HMIS) labels categorize hazards using a color-coded system, providing a quick reference for assessing risk levels. The Department of Transportation (DOT) labels, however, primarily inform transport safety rather than workplace hazards.
Among these systems, I contend that OSHA's updated labels provide the most comprehensive information regarding chemical safety due to their detailed hazard alerts and standardized approaches that ensure uniform understanding across various workplaces. This approach enhances the safety of workers by increasing awareness of chemical hazards.
References
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). (2013). Hazard Communication Standard (HCS 2012).
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This comprehensive exploration of occupational safety regarding radiation exposure, noise standards, exposure routes, inhalation evaluations, and labeling systems collectively highlights the significance of understanding the nuances of workplace hazards. Proper evaluation and control measures are fundamental to ensuring a healthy and safe working environment.