26 Asbmb Today February 2021discovering An Old Dogs New Trickheterot ✓ Solved

26 ASBMB TODAY FEBRUARY 2021 Discovering an old DoGs’ new trick Heterotrimeric G proteins regulate a variety of signaling pathways that control cell development and influ- ence cell morphology via actin/cyto- skeleton remodeling. There are four main families of G proteins: Gi/Go, Gq, Gs and G12/13. Researchers long have thought that Gs, unlike its family members, is coupled specifically and exclusively to adenylyl cyclases. In a new study published in the Journal of Biological Chemistry, Alejandro Castillo–Kauil of the Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute and collaborators challenge this dogmatic view by identifying a new Gs target. Using biochemical, molecular biological and chemo- genetic approaches, the researchers demonstrated that the Gαs subfamily of G proteins can regulate the activity of Rho GTPases such as Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor, or Rho- GEF.

The interaction identified by the group activates the small G protein Cdc42 by Gs-coupled GPCRs, stimu- lating a rearrangement of the cyto- skeleton and inducing formation of fingerlike protrusions called filopodia. These results provide new insight into G protein activity and define a new role for RhoGEF coupling in G protein function. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.AC120.015204 A pathogen’s proteins target mitochondria The tick-borne pathogen Coxiella burnetii causes Q fever, or query fever, a rare flulike disease that can spread to humans who inhale dust particles contaminated by infected farm or CONTINUED FROM PAGE 25 Noninvasive tool provides oral cancer prognosis Oral squamous cell carcinoma, which affects about 34,000 people in the U.S. each year, is found in the cells lining the lips and mouth.

Metastasis to the lymph nodes is a sign of disease progression and may be accompanied by changes in proteolytic activity. During proteolysis, enzymes cut up proteins into short fragments called peptides. Recent work suggests that characterizing the sequence and abundance of these molecules — a method dubbed peptidomics — might provide new in- sight on cancer biology and in the clinic. In a recent paper in the journal Molecular & Cellular Proteomics, Leandro Xavier Neves of the Brazil- ian Biosciences National Laboratory and a team of Brazilian clinicians and scientists describe their analysis of oral squamous cell carcinoma patient saliva using peptidomics. After extracting peptides from saliva samples, the research team ana- lyzed and compared the peptide content in samples from patients with and without metastasis to the lymph nodes.

They found more than 1,000 uniquely expressed peptides in each group and an additional 1,628 pep- tides expressed by both groups. A series of statistical analyses identified 77 peptides of particular interest; all of these peptides are overexpressed in samples from patients with lymph node metastasis, which supports the hypothesis that proteolytic activity increases in metastatic disease. Ten of these peptides also correlated with clinical features of metastatic tumors. The researchers used a panel measuring the abundance of five peptides to classify patients according to metastatic state. To predict which enzymes generated this distinctive saliva peptidome, the team compared the sequences of peptides and full-length proteins to identify the most common cleavage sites.

Many of the predicted en- zymes are associated with the lysosome or vacuole, linked to immunity or present in the oral microbiome. They then examined the expression of these enzymes in publicly available oral squamous cell carcinoma tissue data. This analysis showed that enhanced expression of enzymes — but not the proteins they target — associates with metastasis and reduced survival, further bolster- ing the link between proteolytic activity and disease progression. Together, these analy- ses of proteolysis in oral squamous cell carcinoma may be useful for patient prognosis. DOI: 10.1074/mcp.RA120.002227 — Nuala Del Piccolo CDC/UNSPLASH Peptidomics analyses of saliva samples from oral squamous cell carcinoma patients correlate with disease metastasis.

The technique may be a useful noninvasive prognostic tool. JOURNAL NEWS FEBRUARY 2021 ASBMB TODAY 27 domestic animals. When C. burnetii infects a human macrophage, it transfers as many as 150 effector proteins into the host cell. Research- ers know these proteins change the host’s physiology to support the infection. However, they know little about the contributions of the indi- vidual effector proteins, partly due to their diversity and scarcity.

Laura Fielden and colleagues at the University of Melbourne hy- pothesized that C. burnetii effector proteins target the mitochondria — known as the powerhouse of the cell — because that organelle is crucial in cellular homeostasis. To test this, the team isolated mitochondria from human macrophages infected with C. burnetii and analyzed the proteins using high-sensitivity mass spectrometry. The team’s recent paper in the journal Molecular & Cellular Proteomics identified seven C. burnetii proteins associated with the mitochondria, including two not previously found in the organ- elle. They found that one of these effector proteins, MceC, moves to the inner mitochondrial membrane and interacts with mitochondrial proteins involved in quality control and metabolic function.

This study presents an adapt- able method for characterizing the contributions of a pathogen’s effector proteins. DOI: 10.1074/mcp.RA120.002370 Pinpointing therapies in PAK pathways The serine/threonine kinase P21-activated kinase-1, or PAK1, influences cancer-related biologi- cal processes such as cell migration, invasion and angiogenesis. However, researchers have not completely delineated the network of signaling molecules linked to PAK1. Jae-Hong Kim of Kyungpook National University and a team of in- ternational collaborators used genetic transformation screens, RNAi, phar- macological inhibition and migration assays to characterize PAK1-mediated signal transduction pathways thor- oughly. The researchers selected 19 candidate PAK1 genetic interactions that had human orthologs and were expressed in glioma for further ex- amination in mammalian cells, brain slice cultures and orthotopic glioma models.

RNAi and pharmacological inhibition of potential PAK1 interac- tors confirmed the importance of several genes related to the mitotic spindle, proteolysis, autophagy and metabolism in PAK1-mediated glioma cell migration, drug resistance and proliferation. These results, published in the Journal of Biological Chemistry, provide a comprehensive view of PAK1-mediated signal transduction pathways and identify new drug targets for glioma therapy. DOI: 10.1074/jbc.RA120.014831 Nuala Del Piccolo (ndelpiccolo@ ucdavis.edu) is a science writer in the biomedical engineering department at the University of California, Davis. She earned her Ph.D. in materials science and engineering at Johns Hopkins University.

Anand Rao ( [email protected] ) is an ASBMB science communi- cator. Follow him on Twitter @AnandRaoPhD. Lisa Nicole Learman (llearman@ jhmi.edu) is a Ph.D. candidate studying molecular neurosci- ence at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. Follow her on Twitter @LearmanLisa. Laurel Oldach (loldach@ asbmb.org) is a science writer for the ASBMB.

Follow her on Twitter @LaurelOld. Wednesdays | 12 p.m. EST Lipid Research Division Seminar Series Presentations from researchers highlighting their recent work in the field of lipids. Hosted by the ASBMB’s Lipid Research Division. LEARN MORE AT: asbmb.org/meetings-events/lrd-seminar-series JOURNAL NEWS Principles of Business (Level 40) Name: ___________________________________ 1.

What are the five types of insurance? _____________ ______________ ________________ _________________ _______________ 2. What is the difference between insurance and assurance? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What are two main types of assurance? ____________________ _____________________ 4. Explain the difference between the two types of life assurance. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5.

List the four (4) types of Marine Insurance. __________________ __________________ ____________________ _____________________ 6. Explain any two (2) types of Marine Insurance. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 7. Distinguish between third party and fully comprehensive motor insurance. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 8.

Explain the following terms: Employers’liability________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ Public liability____________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ Aviation insurance_________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ Fidelity__________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ Mortgage Guarantee_______________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ Annuity Scheme___________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ Credit insurance___________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ Consequential loss insurance_________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ Direct loss insurance_______________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ 9.

List four (4) types of insurance that businesses may invest in: _________________ _________________ ____________________ ___________________ 10. State on type of insurance which you would recommend for each of the following. Give reason for your answer. No. Situation Type of Insurance Reason for type of insurance chosen 1 A factory engaged in manufacturing a highly inflammable product.

2 A firm employing six sales reps. each of whom drives a company car. 3 A business employing people handling a large amount of cash. 4 A partner in a firm of lawyers. 5 Mrs. Jones wants a policy that would enable her to benefit from the proceeds during her lifetime. 6 Edmond wants to insurance his business against possible theft by public.

Paper for above instructions

Insurance is a critical aspect of risk management in both personal and business contexts. It provides financial protection against unexpected events, ensuring that individuals and companies can recover without significant detriments to their financial stability. In exploring the various types of insurance, it becomes essential to understand their differences, relevance, and applications in practical scenarios.

1. Five Types of Insurance

The five primary types of insurance include:
1. Health Insurance: Offers payment for medical expenses incurred by the insured.
2. Life Insurance: Provides financial compensation to beneficiaries upon the death of the insured.
3. Auto Insurance: Covers damages related to vehicles, including liability and property damage.
4. Homeowners Insurance: Protects homeowners from losses due to damages to their homes or personal property.
5. Liability Insurance: Offers protection against claims resulting from injuries and damage to other people or property.

2. Difference Between Insurance and Assurance

Insurance and assurance are often confused. However, they differ primarily in terms of uncertainty and guarantees. Insurance is a contract that provides protection against uncertain events, such as accidents, theft, or natural disasters (Bennett & Reddy, 2021). In contrast, assurance relates to events that are certain to happen, such as death. Life assurance guarantees payment upon the insured's death regardless of when it occurs (Cummings, 2020).

3. Two Main Types of Assurance

The two primary types of assurance are:
1. Life Assurance: This ensures a payment to designated beneficiaries upon the death of the insured individual.
2. Endowment Assurance: This provides a predetermined sum to the policyholder after a specified term or upon their death.

4. Difference Between Two Types of Life Assurance

The two types of life assurance—whole life assurance and term life assurance—differ significantly. Whole life assurance provides coverage for the insured's entire lifetime, guaranteeing a payout upon death, regardless of when it occurs (Schroeder, 2020). Conversely, term life assurance provides coverage for a specific period or term; if the insured dies during this term, beneficiaries receive a payout. If the insured survives the term, no payout is made (Johnson, 2019).

5. Four Types of Marine Insurance

The four types of marine insurance include:
1. Hull Insurance: Covers damages to the ship or vessel.
2. Cargo Insurance: Protects goods transported via sea.
3. Liability Insurance: Covers liabilities incurred due to damages to third parties during maritime operations.
4. Freight Insurance: Protects against loss of freight due to vessel damage or sinkage.

6. Explanation of Two Types of Marine Insurance

- Hull Insurance: This insurance protects shipowners against damages to the hull of the vessel caused by storm, collision, or other perils at sea. For example, if a ship sustains damage due to rough weather, hull insurance would cover the repair costs.
- Cargo Insurance: This insurance offers protection for cargo against loss or damage during transit at sea. For instance, if goods are damaged during transport due to a shipwreck, cargo insurance reimburses the shipper or receiver for their loss.

7. Distinction Between Third-Party and Fully Comprehensive Motor Insurance

Third-party motor insurance is the minimum legal requirement in most jurisdictions, covering legal liabilities for damages to other vehicles or injury to other individuals in the event of an accident caused by the insured driver (Harvey, 2018). Conversely, fully comprehensive motor insurance extends beyond that, covering damages to the insured's own vehicle regardless of fault, as well as third-party liabilities. This type of insurance protects the policyholder against a broader range of risks.

8. Explanation of Various Insurance Terms

- Employers’ Liability: Protects businesses against claims from employees injured during employment. It is often legally required to cover potential compensation claims.
- Public Liability: Covers claims made by the public for injuries or damages resulting from business operations. It is important for businesses interacting directly with the public.
- Aviation Insurance: Covers the loss or damage to aircraft and liability for passenger and crew injuries.
- Fidelity: Protects employers from losses incurred due to employee dishonesty or fraudulent acts.
- Mortgage Guarantee: Insurance that protects mortgage lenders against losses when a borrower defaults.
- Annuity Scheme: An investment product that provides regular payments to individuals, typically during retirement.
- Credit Insurance: Protects businesses against losses from customer defaults.
- Consequential Loss Insurance: Covers indirect losses felt due to a primary loss, such as lost income from property damage.
- Direct Loss Insurance: Protects from actual financial loss incurred directly from an incident, like property damage (Gunther, 2022).

9. Types of Insurance for Businesses

Businesses may invest in the following types of insurance:
1. Property Insurance
2. General Liability Insurance
3. Professional Liability Insurance
4. Business Interruption Insurance

10. Recommended Insurance Types for Specific Situations

| Situation | Type of Insurance | Reason for Type of Insurance Chosen |
|------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 1. A factory manufacturing a highly flammable product. | Fire Insurance | Essential to cover potential fire hazards typical due to flammable materials being handled. |
| 2. A firm employing six sales reps, each with a company car. | Commercial Auto Insurance | Covers liability and vehicle damages incurred while on business operations. |
| 3. A business handling large amounts of cash. | Fidelity Insurance | Guards against loss due to employee theft or dishonesty involving large cash transactions. |
| 4. A partner in a law firm. | Professional Liability Insurance | Protects against malpractice claims arising from legal advice or services provided. |
| 5. Mrs. Jones wants a policy that provides benefits during her life. | Life Assurance (Whole Life) | Guarantees benefits during the insured's lifetime and support for beneficiaries afterwards. |
| 6. Edmond wants to insure his business against possible theft by the public. | Commercial Property Insurance | Covers loss of property due to theft, ensuring financial reimbursement in case of a break-in. |

Conclusion

Insurance plays a fundamental role in safeguarding assets and ensuring continuity in business operations amidst unforeseen circumstances. By understanding the different types of insurance and their specific applications, businesses can better prepare for various risks, bolster their resilience, and secure their financial future.

References

1. Bennett, J., & Reddy, P. (2021). Understanding Insurance: Principles and Practice. Routledge.
2. Cummings, T. (2020). Insurance Fundamentals: An Overview of Insurance Products. Insurance Institute of America.
3. Schroeder, L. (2020). The Essentials of Life Insurance. Wiley.
4. Johnson, R. (2019). Life Insurance: Principles and Practice. Cambridge University Press.
5. Harvey, G. (2018). Motor Insurance: The Complete Guide. Element.
6. Gunther, A. (2022). Business Insurance and Risk Management Strategies. Springer.
7. Insurance Information Institute. (2023). "Types of Insurance." Retrieved from https://www.iii.org
8. Coyle, R. (2021). Marine Insurance: A Comprehensive Guide. Informa Law.
9. Matson, D. (2022). Annuities and Life Insurance: Planning Strategies for the Future. Financial Planning Association.
10. National Association of Insurance Commissioners. (2023). "Insurance Basics." Retrieved from https://www.naic.org
This structured analysis illustrates the complexity and utility of various insurance types and their necessary roles in both personal and business environments, providing a comprehensive grasp essential for both academic and practical applications.