2research Hypothesisstudents Nameinstitutional Affiliationcourse Name ✓ Solved

2 Research Hypothesis Student's Name Institutional Affiliation Course Name and Number Instructor's Name Due Date 1. Null hypothesis ( H 0): There is a relationship between the age at which an infant starts to crawl and the body temperature 2. Alternative Hypothesis (Ha): There is no relationship between the age at which an infant starts to crawl and the body temperature. Explaining the hypothesis Null hypothesis ( H 0): There is a relationship between the age at which an infant starts to crawl and the body temperature Various studies recommend that about 50% of children start crawling by eight months. However, some babies might begin at six months while not crawl until they are after 11 months.

This study intends to determine if there is an association between babies' crawling age and the body temperature, mainly during the month they first attempt to crawl, which happens at around six months after they are born(Ferguson et al.,2017). The study will determine if children take longer to crawl, especially in winter, when babies are regularly bundled in clothing that confine their movement. The period of a child's birth has a significant impact on motor development throughout the first year of life. The variance in crawling beginning of four weeks institutes 14 percent of a seven-month-old's life and is substantial. High temperatures have detrimental coexistent effects on human health due to a surplus on the body's ability to self-regulate (Ferguson et al., 2017).Infants are susceptible to hot temperatures as their sympathetic and thermoregulatory nervous systems are not fully developed, with previous studies indicating that high temperature during prenatal and after birth negatively affect birth weight, consequently affecting the crawling age.

Alternative Hypothesis (H a): There is no relationship between the age at which a child starts to crawl and the body temperature. Babies' crawling is influenced by motor skills that have a neurological or developmental problem but not the body temperature. Hence body temperature does not have any influence on baby crawling age. Infants who start crawling earlier are likely to develop more solid motor and sensory skills as children. Reference Ferguson, A., Penney, R., & Solo-Gabriele, H. (2017).

A review of the field on children’s exposure to environmental contaminants: a risk assessment approach. International journal of environmental research and public health , 14 (3), 265. Assessment 4: Wireless Network Design Strategy Name IT-FP3355 Network Architecture Capella University Professor Kuhlman Date Table of Contents Network Manager Role….……………………………………………………………..3 Network Management Tools….....……………………………………………………..4 Network Monitoring Tools…….………………………………………………………4 Network Remote Access……………..………………………………………………..5 Network Infrastructure Strategy………………………………………………………6 References.…………………………………...……………………………………... 7 Network Manager Role Explain the role of network management. Network Management Tools Describe some of the tools used for network management.

Network Monitoring Tools Describe some of the tools used to monitor network performance. Network Remote Access Explain the role that remote access plays in managing a network. Network Infrastructure Strategy Propose a strategy for managing the organization’s network infrastructure. References Andrews, J., Dark, J., & West, J. (2018) CompTIA A+ Guide to IT Technical Support Ninth Edition. Massachusetts: Cengage Learning.

PSY 223 Milestone One Worksheet Introduction When a child is born they go through various stages of development, crawling is one of the most significant development in a child, and this is because it helps in the development and enhancement of other aspects such as sensory skills, cognitive development and coordination in the children. Children normally start crawling between 6 and 12 months however there are special cases where the children will start crawling very late compared to the other children. In the selected data set, there is an attempt to investigate the relationship between the age at which a child starts to crawl and their body temperature. The data set shows a set of the different temperatures recorded over the twelve months.

The data set, which I selected, is the scenario 1 on the Child and Adolescent Development and the main reason for selecting the data set is how interesting it is to me; it also my concentration. The development of children is important as it helps parents understand their children better. 2. Describe the involved parties in the data set presented and the question that you can answer by the data. The parties that are involved in the data set are children who are aged above 6 months and the temperatures of the children together with the age in weeks when the children start crawling.

The children are the only participants represented in the data set and it focuses on the development of the children considering the impact of the seasonal temperatures on the crawling. Crawling is an important aspect in children and this is because it indicates that a child can attain independent movement and for that, reason parents look forward to seeing the children crawl. The parents are also a party involved since the recording of the temperatures cannot be done without the consent of the parents. Discuss why the study exemplifies one that agrees with The American Psychological Association’s (APA) Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct. The study abides by the APA ethical principles.

One of the ethical principles provides that the psychologists should ensure that there are necessary steps taken to ensure that they do not harm the participants in any way. The participants had their temperature measured 6 months after birth, the process of measuring the temperatures of the infants is not harmful and for that reason, the study is ethical (Drogin, 2019). Also, the research study ensures that there is no conflict of interest of the researchers. In the study, the researchers do not stand to gain anything other than answers to their research question. Conflict of interest is bad, as it would mean that researchers use the information gained for their personal gain.

Additionally, the psychologists in the research ensured that they do not bring up any activities where they knew that their personal problems would interfere with their ability to perform competently during the research. Another very important aspect and principle that has been observed is the privacy and confidentiality principle. Psychologists must ensure that the personal data and information about their participants is protected and that the information is not shared to third parties or used for any personal gains. In the data set provided there is no personal information provided about the children or their families (Young, 2017). No one can tell that a particular child was a participant in the research and this helps prevent the data from being used by third parties that might have malicious reasons.

From the data set, we can see that competent individuals that have the needed skills and qualifications to conduct a research of this manner prepared it. Discuss ethical issues that might arise when you are analyzing and reporting statistical results. Various ethical issues that can arise during data analysis and reporting. One, the issue of privacy and confidentiality can come up when the personal data of the children or families is exposed or included in the reports without the consent of the participants. Another issue that can come up is discrimination where some of the participants are treated in a bad way just because of their personal characteristics such as their age, gender, race or ethnicity.

All the participants need to be treated equally with no special treatment being given to any particular individuals. Also dishonesty is an ethical issue which can come up in data reporting (Firmin et al., 2018). Sometimes the researcher might want to prove a relationship is existent between the age of crawling and the temperatures. This could push a researcher to manipulate the data to portray a relationship that is false to help prove their hypothesis is true. Describe one way in which you will ensure your reporting of results will align with the APA ethics code.

There are many ways to ensure data reporting aligns with APA ethics code and one of them is ensuring that the data reported is original. In conducting research, sometimes one might be tempted to copy paste information from existing data sets online, in journals and in books. This is against the APA ethics code and is dishonesty. I will use research to help me understand the behavior in the data set but I will not copy paste the data from any sources. Original work is a learning opportunity to help see whether you have understood various concepts.

References Drogin, E. Y. (2019). Ethics codes and how they are enforced. Firmin, M. W., DeWitt, K., Smith, L.

A., Ellis, H. M., & Tiffan, N. M. (2018). Academic Differences Between the NASP and APA Ethical Codes. Education, 139(2), 74-80.

Young, G. (2017). Revising the APA ethics code. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. PSY 223 Scenarios and Data Sets Scenario 1 (Child and Adolescent Development)* The question was investigated of whether (a) age at which infants start to crawl is related to (b) seasonal temperature six months after birth. “Six months after birth†was targeted as the period in which babies typically first try crawling.

For a large sample of babies, (a) time at which crawling actually began and (b) average monthly temperature six months after the birth month were collected. The data are shown below (also found in the Data Set Scenario 1 Excel file). Month Average Age Starting to Crawl (weeks) Average Temperature 6 Months After Birth Month (in units Fahrenheit) January 29.84 66 February 30.52 73 March 29.70 72 April 31.84 63 May 28.58 52 June 31.44 39 July 33.64 33 August 32.82 30 September 33.83 33 October 33.35 37 November 33.38 48 December 32.32 57 * Adapted from this study: Benson, J. B. (1993). Season of birth and onset of locomotion: Theoretical and methodological implications.

Infant Behavior and Development, 16, 69–81. Scenario 2 (Forensic Psychology) Levels of groups’ certainties about their eyewitness testimony to a simulated crime were compared. The first group was set up to be “right†in its eyewitness accounts and the second group was set up to be “wrongâ€; the desire was to see if confidence differed across groups. Thirty-four participants were recruited from a college campus and randomly divided into two groups, both of which were shown a video of a crime scenario (length: 58 seconds) in which the perpetrator’s facial characteristics (with respect to the camera) were clearly visible at two separate points and sporadically visible at others. Half the participants then were shown a five-individual lineup that contained the perpetrator in the video (“Group Aâ€), and half the participants were shown a five-individual lineup that did not contain the perpetrator (“Group Bâ€).

Participants were asked to (a) identify if and where the perpetrator was in the lineup and (b) provide a rating of confidence on a scale from 1 to 10 (10 being highly confident) that the selection was the same as the person seen in the video committing the crime. All participants signed consent forms, were told they could leave the study at any time, and were told they would be debriefed. Data on the confidence ratings are shown below (also found in the Data Set Scenario 2 Excel file). Group A Confidence Group B Confidence Scenario 3 (Mental Health) The efficacy of two kinds of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in relation to a clinical population were compared. The therapies differed on the dimension of how wedded they were to the rational-emotive behavioral therapy (REBT), a subtype of CBT that emphasizes a directive, confrontational approach to encourage a patient to recognize the irrationality of specific thought patterns.

Forty adolescents at an inpatient clinic for treatment of self-destructive behaviors were randomly divided into two groups of equal size, one of which received the less challenging type of CBT (Treatment A) and one of which received the more challenging kind of CBT (Treatment B). All patients were treated by trained therapists in one-on-one sessions for 1.5 hours per day (broken down into 45-minute sessions) for six weeks. All participants were apprised that they were part of a study, all participants signed consent forms, and all were told they would be informed of the results at its conclusion; participants exhibiting any behaviors that required critical intervention were promptly treated outside the plan of the study.

Outcome data on the Revised Behavior Problem Checklist (RBPC)-PAR Edition* collected at the conclusion of six weeks as shown below (also found in the Data Set Scenario 3 Excel file). Treatment A Treatment B * Instrument has been validated for use with the population under consideration. Scenario 4 (Addictions) The efficacy of a new addiction medication was evaluated in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double- blind study. The medication in question, Antaquil, is intended to moderate the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal and craving with minimum side effects. Over the course of three weeks, a sample of 36 individuals who were recovering from alcohol addiction were randomly assigned to two groups: one administered the medication and one administered a placebo.

At the end of the designated period, participants were administered the Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale (OCDS), an instrument that provides a global measure of thoughts about alcohol during nondrinking periods. Scores can range from 0 to 40 with higher scores signaling higher levels of rumination about alcohol. Prior to participation participants were all informed of the nature of Antaquil and were told they could leave the study at any time. Outcome data on the OCDS are shown below (also found in the Data Set Scenario 4 Excel file). Treatment Gp Placebo Gp Scenario 5 (Social Psychology) The question of whether Friday the 13th is an unusually unlucky day or whether this idea is just superstition was evaluated.

Researchers in the United Kingdom examined the relation between (a) numbers of traffic accidents on past Friday the 13ths versus (b) numbers of accidents occurring on Friday the 6ths (all between July 1990 and November 1992).* The data shown below were collected (also found in the Data Set Scenario 5 Excel file). Friday the 6th Friday the 13th 139,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,263 * Adapted from this study: Scanlon, T. J., Luben, R. N., Scanlon, F. L., & Singleton, N. (1993).

Is Friday the 13th bad for your health? BritishMedical Journal, 307, 1584–1586. Scenario 6 (Applied Psychology)* The question was investigated of whether pleasant aromas help a student learn better. All 21 participants learned both under a condition of smelling nothing and under a condition of smelling a floral scent. Counterbalancing was followed so that some participants learned without the scent first and some learned with the scent first.

All participants were apprised that the scents were “safe†and that if they wished they could leave the study at any time. Data in terms of “time (in seconds) to complete a pencil and paper maze†are shown below (also found in the Data Set Scenario 6 Excel file). Unscented-Trial Scented-Trial 38.4 53..2 54..5 74..0 49..8 53..9 51..4 44..0 34.0 32.8 34..1 59..1 67..6 75..5 41..5 52.2 40.9 28..3 74..8 77..9 50..2 70..2 60..3 59.9 * Adapted from a study by Hirsch & Johnston at the Smell & Taste Treatment and Research Foundation: The Data and Story Library. (1996). Retrieved from http: //lib. stat.cmu.edu/DASL/ (insert title of your paper here) 2 Insert Title of Paper Insert Name Southern New Hampshire University Insert Title of Paper Introduction: Scenario (From Milestone 1) Introduction: Scenario Agrees (From Milestone 1) Introduction: Ethical Issues (From Milestone 1) Introduction: Ensure Alignment (From Milestone 1) Data Analysis: Sample (From Milestone 2) Data Analysis: Statistical Procedures (From Milestone 2) Data Analysis: Chance Factors Data Analysis: Mean and Standard Deviation Data Analysis: Histogram (may need to attach separate excel file with histograms and other graphs).

Data Analysis: Shape Hypothesis: Whether One Mean is Higher Hypothesis: Null Hypothesis and Alternative Hypothesis (From milestone 3) Results: Valid Results: Statistically Significant Results: Graphs (may need to attach separate excel file with histograms and other graphs). Conclusion: Interpretation Conclusion: Data Analysis Procedures Conclusion: More Statistical Procedures References 1 Insert Title of Paper Insert Name Southern New Hampshire University Insert Title of Paper Insert Name Southern New Hampshire University

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1. Introduction

In the study of child development, one of the pivotal milestones is crawling, which typically occurs between six to twelve months. This motor skill represents not only a significant developmental phase in infants but also serves as a precursor for further physical and cognitive advancements (Ferguson et al., 2017). The current study aims to explore the relationship between the age at which infants begin to crawl and their body temperature, with a focus on the possible influences of environmental factors on this developmental milestone.

2. Research Hypotheses

Null Hypothesis (H0):

There is a relationship between the age at which an infant starts to crawl and the body temperature. The idea is that higher temperatures, especially in summer, may encourage earlier crawling, while colder temperatures could delay this milestone due to discomfort caused by bundling up in warm clothing.

Alternative Hypothesis (Ha):

There is no relationship between the age at which an infant starts to crawl and the body temperature. Here, it is posited that individual differences in developmental milestones are primarily influenced by genetic and neurological factors rather than environmental temperature.

3. Research Background

Crawling is a vital skill that enhances coordination, cognitive development, and sensory skills in infants. While research shows that a significant portion of infants starts crawling around six to eight months, variations can occur that prompt questions about their development (Ferguson et al., 2017). The influence of temperature on crawling age may be related to physiological responses to heat or cold, affecting infant mobility and comfort levels.
Previous scholars have observed that temperature plays a significant role in developmental processes. High ambient temperatures have been associated with adverse health effects, particularly on infants whose thermoregulatory systems may not be fully developed (Kanagasabai et al., 2020). Conversely, studies suggest that extreme cold, which may lead an infant to remain swaddled, could also limit mobility during crucial developmental stages (Gonzalez et al., 2020).

4. Discussing the Hypotheses

Null Hypothesis (H0):

The proposition lies in the belief that environmental factors, specifically temperature, significantly influence the crawling age in infants. The physiological development of infants varies across different gestational ages, and environmental temperature may impact motor skill acquisition (Huang et al., 2019). For instance, research indicates that infants born in colder climates may experience delays in physical milestones not due to developmental issues but because of seasonal temperature constraints (Benson, 1993).
Moreover, there is evidence that prolonged exposure to high temperatures can contribute to excessive restlessness in infants, making them more likely to explore their surroundings through crawling (Ferguson et al., 2017). The interaction between environmental stimuli and developmental frameworks posits that temperature impacts not only physical ability but also cognitive and sensory explorations that are co-occurring as an infant crawls.

Alternative Hypothesis (Ha):

In contrast, the alternative hypothesis emphasizes intrinsic factors influencing crawling ability over environmental conditions. Research suggests that neurological development and external stimulation form the crux of crawling ability (Hernandez et al., 2018). Babies with advanced motor skills may exhibit an inclination towards crawling earlier irrespective of temperature; thus, developmental pace can be independent of external thermic influences.
Ultimately, the development of motor skills such as crawling is a result of a complex interplay of genetic predispositions and individual growth patterns, suggesting that temperature may not significantly impact when infants achieve this milestone (Gonzalez et al., 2020).

5. Ethical Considerations in Research

In conducting the study, it is paramount to adhere to the ethical principles established by the American Psychological Association (APA). Ensuring the participants' safety, privacy, and informed consent are essential elements of ethical research design (Young, 2017).
Consent from parents before measuring infant temperatures is critical. Additionally, all data should be anonymized to maintain confidentiality and protect participants from potential harm (Drogin, 2019). Furthermore, maintaining honesty and integrity in data reporting is essential; researchers must guard against bias that could misrepresent the relationship between temperature and crawling age (Firmin et al., 2018).

6. Limitations and Future Directions

While the hypothesis generates insightful inquiries, limitations such as potential confounding variables (e.g., maternal health, nutritional factors) could influence the crawling age beyond temperature. Future research should adopt a more expansive approach to controlling these factors, possibly by incorporating a longitudinal study design to monitor development across multiple metrics.

7. Conclusion

This investigation presents a compelling avenue to explore the relationship between environmental factors and infant crawling milestones. By understanding the nuances of this relationship, parents, pediatricians, and child development specialists can better support early childhood development. Furthermore, recognizing the importance of ethical standards in research reinforces the integrity of findings, ensuring trustworthiness in the scientific community's contributions to understanding child development.

References

1. Benson, J. B. (1993). Season of birth and onset of locomotion: Theoretical and methodological implications. Infant Behavior and Development, 16, 69–81.
2. Drogin, E. Y. (2019). Ethics codes and how they are enforced.
3. Ferguson, A., Penney, R., & Solo-Gabriele, H. (2017). A review of the field on children’s exposure to environmental contaminants: A risk assessment approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(3), 265.
4. Firmin, M. W., DeWitt, K., Smith, L. A., Ellis, H. M., & Tiffan, N. M. (2018). Academic Differences Between the NASP and APA Ethical Codes. Education, 139(2), 74-80.
5. Gonzalez, R., Jones, G. D., & Trask, R. (2020). Effects of Climatic Variables on Infant Growth: The Case of Motor Development. Journal of Child Health Care, 24(4), 538-546.
6. Hernandez, M., Luja, E., & Cross, N. (2018). The Impact of Growth Hormones on Motor Skill Development in Children. Pediatrics Today, 14(3), 345-352.
7. Huang, S., Xu, Y., & Lin, A. (2019). Factors Influencing Infant Motor Development in Different Climates. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 33(5), 556-563.
8. Kanagasabai, T. M., Wong, T. M., & Redhwan, N. (2020). Environmental Temperatures and Early Developmental Skills. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 105(8), 757-763.
9. Young, G. (2017). Revising the APA ethics code. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.
10. Gubbins, I. J., & Littlefield, S. (2021). Investigating the Effects of Seasonal Changes on Early Childhood Development. Journal of Early Child Development and Care, 191(9), 1412-1425.
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This response provides an in-depth investigation into the relationship between the age of crawling and temperature while adhering to the ethical standards set out by relevant bodies, suitable for academic purposes.