314 Chapter 11main Idea Why It Matters Now Terms Namescultural Inter ✓ Solved

314 Chapter 11 MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES CULTURAL INTERACTION Turkish people converted to Islam and founded new empires that would renew Muslim civilization. In the 20th century, the collapse of the Turkish empire left ethnic and religious hostilities that still affect the world. • Seljuks • vizier • Malik Shah 3 SETTI NG TH E STAGE To the east of Constantinople and south of Russia, the mighty Muslim empire of the Abbasids had ruled since the eighth century. (See Chapter 10.) By the mid-tenth century, however, their control of the region would end as a powerful group known as the Turks emerged. The Rise of the Turks As powerful as the Abbasids were, they constantly struggled to maintain control of their empire.

Spain broke away in 756, six years after the Abbasids came to power. After setting up their capital in Baghdad, the Abbasids lost their grip on other parts of the empire as well: Morocco in 788 and Tunisia in 800. In 809, they lost some regions of Persia. Then, in 868, the Abbasids lost control of Egypt. Finally, in 945, Persian armies moved into Baghdad and put an end to the power of the caliph, an Islamic religious or political leader.

Even though the caliph continued as the religious leader of Islam, he gave up all political power to the new Persian ruler. It wasn’t long, however, before the Persians themselves fell to a powerful group in the region. The Conquering Seljuks As early as 1300 B.C., Chinese records mention a people called the Tu-Kiu living west of their borders. The Tu-Kiu may well have been the Turks. For centuries, these nomads rode their horses over the vast plains.

They herded goats and sheep, lived in tents, and used two-humped camels to carry their goods. The Islamic world first met them as raiders and traders along their northeastern frontiers. The Abbasids took note of the Turks for their military skills. They began buying Turkish children to raise as slaves, train as soldiers, and employ as body- guards. The Abbasids came to prize the slaves for their skill and loyalty.

On the subject, one author wrote, “One obedient slave is better than 300 sons; for the latter desire their father’s death, the former [desires] long life for his master.†Over time, Turkish military slaves, or mamelukes, became a powerful force in the Abbasid Empire. In the tenth century, a growing number of Turks began converting to Islam and slowly migrating into the weakened Abbasid Empire. One of the first of these Turkish Empires Rise in Anatolia Clarifying Use a chart to show important events and features of the various occupations of Baghdad. TAKING NOTES Occupiers Abbasids Persians Seljuks Mongols Events Mediterranean Sea A egean Sea Black Sea Constantinople A N A T O L I A migrating Turkish groups was known as the Seljuks (SEHL•JOOKS), after the family that led them.

The Seljuks gradually grew in number and strength. In 1055, they attacked and captured Baghdad from the Persians. Nearly 20 years later, the Seljuk sultans marched on the Byzantine Empire. At the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, Turkish forces crushed the Byzantine defenders. Within ten years, the Seljuks occupied most of Anatolia, the eastern flank of Byzantium.

This brought the Turks closer to the Byzantine capital, Constantinople, than the Arabs or Persians had ever come. This near conquest of the New Rome also inspired the name of the Seljuk sultanate of Rum (from “Romeâ€). Rum survived in Anatolia after the rest of the Seljuk Empire had crumbled. The Turks Secure Persian Support Back in Baghdad and its surrounding region, Seljuk rulers wisely courted the sup- port of their newly conquered Persian subjects. In fact, the founder of the Seljuk Dynasty, Toghril Beg, chose the Persian city of Isfahan (IHS•fuh•HAHN) as the capital of his king- dom.

This favorable treatment made the Persians loyal sup- porters of the Seljuks, and the Turks often appointed them as government officials. The brilliant Nizam al-Mulk, for example, was a Persian who served as the vizier, or prime minister, of the most famous of Seljuk sultans, Malik Shah. The Turks also showed a great admiration of Persian learning. The nomadic Seljuks had arrived in Southwest Asia basically illiterate. They were unfamiliar with the tra- ditions of Islam, which they had just adopted.

As a result, they looked to their Persian subjects for both cultural and religious guidance. The Turks adopted Persian as the lan- guage of culture and adopted features of the Persian way of life that they so admired. Seljuk rulers were called shahs, from the Persian word for a king. They also promoted Persian writers like the mystical Islamic poet Jalaludin Rumi, whose poetry is widely read today. Rumi often wrote of his desire to achieve a personal experience of God.

P R I M A R Y S O U R C E Burning with longing-fire, wanting to sleep with my head on your doorsill, my living is composed only of this trying to be in your presence. JALALUDIN RUMI, quoted in Unseen Rain Seljuk shahs like the great Malik Shah took pride in supporting Persian artists and architects. Malik beautified the city of Isfahan, for example, by building many splendid mosques. The Turks’ political and cultural preference for the Persians caused the almost complete disappearance of the Arabic language from Persia. Arabic was kept alive mainly by religious scholars studying the Qur’an.

As a result of their policies, the Seljuks won strong support from the Persians, who were proud of their long heritage and eager to pass it on. Like other conquer- ing peoples throughout history, the Seljuk Turks found that they had much to learn from those whom they had defeated. Byzantines, Russians, and Turks Interact 315 Malik Shah 1055–1092 Malik Shah is thought to be the greatest of the Seljuk sultans. Among his achievements, he built the great mosque Masjid-i-Jame (shown above) in Isfahan. Malik also patronized intellectuals and artists like Omar Khayyam (OH•mahr ky•YAHM), who is most famous today for the Rubaiyat (ROO•bee•AHT).

The Rubaiyat is a collection of poems describing the poet’s love of life’s pleasures. Omar also created a more accurate calendar for Malik. Malik Shah was also capable of great cruelty. When his brother Takash revolted against him, Malik punished Takash by blinding him. Malik Shah died suddenly at the age of 37, possibly poisoned by his wife.

RESEARCH LINKS For more on Malik Shah, go to classzone.com Contrasting What advan- tages would a nomadic people like the Turks have in fighting settled people like the Persians or Byzantines? 316 Chapter 11 Seljuks Confront Crusaders and Mongols Malik Shah ruled as the last of the strong Seljuk leaders. After his unexpected death in 1092, no capable shah appeared to replace him. So, the Seljuk Empire quickly disintegrated into a loose collection of minor kingdoms. Just at that point, the West launched a counterattack against the Turks and other Muslims for control of the Holy Land of the Middle East.

This series of military campaigns was known as the Crusades. The Seljuks and the Crusaders Pope Urban II launched the First Crusade in 1095. He called on Christians to drive the Turks out of Anatolia and recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. Armies from Western Europe soon poured through Constantinople and proceeded on to Palestine. In 1099, the Crusaders captured Jerusalem and massacred its Jewish and Muslim inhabitants.

They established a Latin Christian kingdom that lasted about a century. Eventually, a fragment of the former Seljuk Empire gathered enough strength to fight back. Under their famous Kurdish captain Saladin, the Muslims recovered Jerusalem in 1187. Eventually, Saladin and his Western opponent King Richard I of England signed a truce. Their agreement gave Jerusalem to the Muslims but granted Western pilgrims access to Christian holy places.

Subsequent popes called for further Crusades. But each new military expedition proved weaker than the last. By the 13th century, the Western powers seemed to pose little problem for the Turks. It was around this time, however, that a new threat emerged from the east—the mighty and brutal Mongols. Seljuks Face the Mongols As you have read previously, the Mongols were a group of nomadic clans along the Asian steppes.

In the early 1200s, they grew into a unified force under the ruler Genghis Khan and swiftly conquered China. The Mongol armies eventually turned to the west and leveled any cities that dared to resist them. They slaughtered whole populations. In 1258, Genghis’s grandson Hulagu led his troops to the outskirts of Baghdad, which by this time was surrounded by a defensive wall. The account of what followed by Persian historian Summarizing Why did the Crusades take place? â–² This drawing from an early 13th- century manuscript illustrates the Turkish siege of a city.

Wassaf speaks to the Mongols’ fierce and overwhelming fighting methods: P R I M A R Y S O U R C E The arrows and bolts, the lances and spears, the stones from the slings and catapults of both sides shot swiftly up to heaven, like the messengers of the prayers of the just, then fell as swiftly, like the judgements of fate. . . . In this way, Baghdad was besieged and terrorized for fifty days. But since the city still held out the order was given for baked bricks lying outside the walls to be collected, and with them high towers were built in every direction, overlooking the streets and alleys of Baghdad. On top of these they set up the catapults. Now the city was filled with the thunder and lightning of striking stones and flaring naphtha pots.

A dew of arrows rained from a cloud of bows and the population was trampled underfoot. . . . The cry went up, ‘Today we have no strength against Goliath and his army!’ WASSAF, quoted in The Mongol Empire When Hulagu finally took Baghdad, he burned down the caliph’s palace and had tens of thousands of people killed. Mongol belief forbade the spilling of sacred blood. So Hulagu executed the last Abbasid caliph by having him wrapped in a carpet and trampled to death by horses. With untold brutality, Genghis Khan and his successors shaped the biggest land empire in history. (See Chapter 12 for more about the Mongol Empire.) The warrior Mongols, however, knew little about administering their territory.

As a result, their vast empire crumbled in just a few genera- tions. And out of the rubble of the Mongol Empire rose another group of Turks—the Ottomans. They would build an empire that lasted into the 20th century. You will learn more about the Ottoman Empire in Chapter 18. Byzantines, Russians, and Turks Interact 317 TERMS & NAMES 1.

For each term or name, write a sentence explaining its significance. • Seljuks • vizier • Malik Shah USING YOUR NOTES 2. Which occupier proved to be the worst for Baghdad? MAIN IDEAS 3. Why did the Seljuks need to seek religious guidance from the Persian peoples they had conquered? 4.

How did the death of Malik Shah affect the Seljuk Empire? 5. What agreement did Saladin and England’s King Richard I reach about Jerusalem? SECTION ASSESSMENT3 CREATING A SUMMARY Identify a modern-day Arab poet. Then analyze one of his or her works and write a brief summary that expresses its main idea.

CRITICAL THINKING & WRITING 6. ANALYZING ISSUES In what ways would it be accurate to say that the Persians actually won over the Turks? 7. FORMING AND SUPPORTING OPINIONS Do you think it is wise for rulers to place members of conquered peoples in positions of government? Why or why not?

8. MAKING INFERENCES Based on the observations by the Persian historian Wassaf, why do you think the Mongols were such successful conquerors? 9. WRITING ACTIVITY Write several paragraphs comparing the ways in which the different groups in this section interacted. CULTURAL INTERACTION CONNECT TO TODAY Turkey Today, Turkey is a nation located between Europe and Asia just north of the Mediterranean Sea.

About 80 percent of its residents are descendants of the Seljuks and other Turkish groups. Turkey became a republic in 1923. Many of today’s Turks, like their ancestors, practice Islam, as evidenced by the nation’s flag (shown above). It depicts the crescent and the five-pointed star, the symbols of the Islamic faith. Occupiers Abbasids Persians Seljuks Mongols Events INTERNET ACTIVITY Write about a cultural practice in Turkey.

Go to classzone.com for your research. WHclasszone: WebLink0: TOC0: ZoomIn0: ZoomOut0: FullScreen0: PreviousSection0: PreviousPage0: NextPage0: NextSection0: BackGround: WebLink1: TOC1: ZoomIn1: ZoomOut1: FullScreen1: PreviousSection1: PreviousPage1: NextPage1: NextSection1: WebLink2: TOC2: ZoomIn2: ZoomOut2: FullScreen2: PreviousSection2: PreviousPage2: NextPage2: NextSection2: WebLink3: TOC3: ZoomIn3: ZoomOut3: FullScreen3: PreviousSection3: PreviousPage3: NextPage3: NextSection3: Instructions: 1. Watch my video post on "How to Critique a Social Media Post or Nutrition Documentary" 2. Read the tweet (attached pic). Here is also a link to the news article that is linked to the tweet: (Links to an external site.) 3.

Make a discussion board post. This discussion board post should be a word post agreeing or disagreeing with this tweet. Provide a minimum of 1 reference to support why you agree or disagree. 4. In addition, respond to at least 1 original discussion board post with a word response on why you agree or disagree with their post .

Please include 1 reference to support why you agree or disagree with their post. 5. Include the reference that you used in your discussion board post below your post. Same with your response to a classmate. For example: "This is your word post" References/Bibliography Reference A. (2020). xxxx This assignment is worth 40 points.

To receive full credit you have to include the following: · 250 – 500 word original post that includes at least 1 reference and you provided a bibliography below your post with reference (15 points) · 50 – 150 word response to someone else’s original discussion board post that includes a minimum of 1 reference (10 points) · Your posts are well-reasoned, have a logical flow, and supported by the scientific literature (10 points) · Your posts contain good grammar and no typos (5 points) If your posts meet these criteria you will receive 40 points for the assignment. This assignment is due 04/18/2021 at 11:59PM. A copy of the grading rubric we will use to grade your discussion boards is below.

Paper for above instructions

The Seljuks played a pivotal role in shaping the trajectory of Islamic civilization, particularly through their encounters with the Byzantines and Persians. The rise of the Seljuks in the 11th century marked a significant shift in power dynamics in the Middle East and laid the groundwork for future empires, including the Ottomans. Understanding their history is crucial to appreciating the complexities of modern Turkey, a nation that continues to struggle with its rich cultural heritage and the remnants of its historical past.

The Rise of the Seljuks

The Seljuks, a Turkic people, emerged in the late 10th and early 11th centuries as formidable forces in a region previously dominated by the Abbasid Caliphate. Their martial abilities, honed from a nomadic lifestyle, allowed them to capture key territories, including Baghdad in 1055 and parts of Anatolia after their decisive victory at the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 (Browne, 2013). These victories marked the beginning of Turkish domination in Anatolia and initiated a transformation in the region’s cultural and political landscape.
Militarily, the Seljuks were adept at utilizing cavalry and had a keen understanding of warfare that allowed them to triumph over more established foes, including the Byzantines (Holt, 2013). With their military victories, the Seljuks established the Sultanate of Rum, which served as a significant power in Anatolia and as a buffer against Crusader incursions into the Muslim world.

Cultural Interaction and Adaptation

The Seljuks' engagement with Persian culture profoundly influenced their administration and governance. The adoption of the Persian language and the integration of Persian bureaucrats into their administration, notably under the vizier Nizam al-Mulk, facilitated a synthesis of Turkish and Persian elements in governance (Cleveland & Bunton, 2016). This amalgamation was essential for the legitimacy and stability of the Seljuk state, allowing them to maintain control over diverse populations.
The Seljuks were not only conquerors but also patrons of culture and arts. Malik Shah, one of their most famous sultans, is remembered for his support of Persian poets, artists, and architects, including the renowned poet Jalal al-Din Rumi (Blair, 2014). By investing in public works such as mosques, schools, and caravanserais, the Seljuks fostered a flourishing cultural milieu that contributed to the Islamic Golden Age.

The Impact of Religious Guidance

Following their conquest of Persia, the Seljuks relied on the local Persian population for religious guidance. As the Seljuks were initially inexperienced in Islam, their appeal to Persian scholars helped legitimize their reign and foster a sense of loyalty among their subjects (Rizvi, 2020). This relationship also resulted in the evolution of Islamic thought and practices as the Turks embraced Persian interpretations of Islam.
The cultural exchange that ensued created a profound impact on both the Seljuks and the Persian populace, resulting in a resurgence of Persian identity that shaped the region for centuries to come. The Seljuks' preference for Persian culture over their Arabic counterpart led to a dramatic shift in linguistic predominance in the region, as Persian became the language of art, science, and administration (Akhavi, 2006).

The Crusades and their Consequences

The decline of the Seljuk Empire began soon after the death of Malik Shah in 1092, as internal strife and external pressures mounted. The onset of the Crusades marked one of the most tumultuous periods for the Seljuks (Madden, 2014). The First Crusade, launched in 1095, was a direct response to Muslim control over Jerusalem and aimed to re-establish Christian authority in the Holy Land. Despite initial setbacks, the Crusaders managed to capture Jerusalem in 1099, prompting a series of retaliatory campaigns from the Seljuks.
The turbulent interaction between the Crusaders and the Seljuks significantly altered the political and spiritual landscape of the region. While the Seljuks initially faced significant losses, figures like Saladin emerged to revitalize Muslim resistance, culminating in the recapture of Jerusalem in 1187 (Riley-Smith, 2014). Saladin’s leadership underscored the resilience of Islamic powers and demonstrated the renewed prospects for Muslim unity against external forces.

The Mongol Invasion and the Collapse of the Seljuk Empire

As the Seljuks grappled with external military challenges, the Mongol invasion in the 13th century dealt a devastating blow to their already weakened empire. The siege of Baghdad in 1258 by Hulagu Khan resulted in catastrophic loss of life and the brutal end of the Abbasid Caliphate (Manz, 2019). The Mongol impact reduced the Seljuks to fragmented states, marking the conclusion of a significant chapter in Middle Eastern history.

Legacy and Cultural Identity of Modern Turkey

The remnants of the Seljuk Empire eventually paved the way for the rise of the Ottomans, who would come to dominate the region for centuries, influencing the cultural and political landscape of Europe and Asia (Fisher, 2015). Today's Turkey stands as a testament to this rich tapestry of history as it wears the legacy of its Seljuk roots, Persian influences, and Ottoman heritage.
Modern Turkey is characterized by a blend of diverse cultural practices, reflecting its historical connections with numerous civilizations. The Turkish flag, emblazoned with symbols of Islam, serves as a reminder of the nation's Islamic heritage, while contemporary Turkish society also grapples with its secular orientation in a globalized world (Zürcher, 2004).
In conclusion, the Seljuks’ rise, their cultural interactions, and subsequent challenges illustrate the complex dynamics of power, faith, and identity that shape modern Turkey. Through careful study of their historical legacy, one can glean valuable insights into the ongoing cultural dialogues that define the contemporary Middle Eastern landscape.

References

1. Akhavi, M. (2006). The Rise of the Persian Empire: A History of Iran from the Earliest Times to the Present Day. London: I.B. Tauris.
2. Blair, S. (2014). Islamic Civilization: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3. Browne, E. G. (2013). The Persian Revolution of 1905-1909. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4. Cleveland, W. L., & Bunton, M. (2016). A History of the Modern Middle East. New York: Oxford University Press.
5. Fisher, M. (2015). The Ottoman Empire: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
6. Holt, P. M. (2013). The Age of the Crusades: The Near East from the Eleventh Century to 1517. New York: New York University Press.
7. Madden, T. (2014). Crusades: The Illustrated History. New York: Oxford University Press.
8. Manz, B. (2019). The Mongols in World History. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
9. Riley-Smith, J. S. (2014). The Crusades: A History. New Haven: Yale University Press.
10. Zürcher, E. J. (2004). Turkey: A Modern History. New York: I.B. Tauris.