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6 Case study 1 charts Identifying Hospitals that Upcode Average Upcoding Rate Average Downcoding Rate OIG Experimental sample - hospitals with a high predicted rate of upcoding (n=.4% 5.1% OIG Control sample - hospitals without a high predicted rate of upcoding (n=.2% 3.9% Three Highly Vulnerable DRGs OIG Experimental Sample OIG Control Sample CDAC Sample Up-coded Down-coded Up-codedg Down-coded Up-coded Down-coded DRG 79: Respiratory Infections 37.7% (n=.0% (n=.5% (n=.0% (n=.0% (n=.7% (n=3) DRG 416: Septicemia 21.2% (n=.0% (n=.7% (n=.0% (n=.3% (n=.1% (n=4) DRG 14: Specific Cerebrovascular Disorders 10.1% (n=.0% (n=.7% (n=.0% (n=.5% (n=.4% (n=3) In 1500 Words use the provided sources in each parts to answer the following question in APA 7th Ed style · Part 1 of 2 (refer to Week 3 Readings in the Lessons for Week 3) · Evaluate: 1.
What are different kinds of insider threats to our US cyber security? 2. What mitigation efforts can help address this concern? 3. Does corruption and cyber infrastructure have anything in common?
What are they and what can be done to help address this concern? · Conclude with a research or policy question for further research . Sources for the Part 1: Insider Threat from the Department of Homeland Security CISA: Insider Threat Mitigation · Part 2 of 2 (refer to Week 4 Readings in the Lessons for Week ) How does social media assist emergency management. Give examples. 2) How does social media hinder emergency management. Give examples.
3) How can emergency management officials help assist with providing relevant and detailed information about public health concerns? · Conclude with a research or policy question. Sources for the Part 2: Innovative uses in Social Media IS-0042: Social Media in Emergency Management
Paper for above instructions
Part 1: Insider Threats to U.S. Cybersecurity
Insider Threats: Definition and Types
Insider threats, as defined by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), are risks that arise from individuals within an organization who may misuse their access to sensitive information and systems (DHS, 2023). These individuals may be current or former employees, contractors, or partners. Various forms of insider threats include:
1. Malicious Insiders: These individuals intentionally misuse their access for personal gain or to harm the organization. Their motivations can be financial (to steal money or intellectual property) or ideological (to cause disruption or damage) (CISA, 2023).
2. Negligent Insiders: Employees who unintentionally compromise security either through reckless behavior or lack of knowledge. Commonexamples include falling for phishing attacks or mishandling sensitive information.
3. Compromised Insiders: Individuals whose credentials have been stolen or compromised. This scenario often involves phishing, credential stuffing attacks, or social engineering techniques (National Cybersecurity Center, 2023).
Mitigation Efforts
1. Education and Training: Regular training programs that raise awareness about cybersecurity risks can significantly reduce the likelihood of insider breaches. By educating employees about the signs of phishing, the importance of secure password management, and best practices for data handling, organizations can create a more security-conscious culture (CISA, 2023).
2. Monitoring and Detection: Implementing advanced monitoring tools that alert security teams to unusual patterns of behavior can provide an essential layer of defense against insider threats. Techniques such as user behavior analytics can help identify potential malicious or negligent activities before significant damage occurs (DHS, 2023).
3. Access Controls: Enforcing the principle of least privilege, where individuals have the minimal level of access necessary to perform their job functions, can help mitigate the risks associated with insider threats. Additionally, regularly reviewing access privileges and conducting audits is necessary for ongoing security (National Cybersecurity Center, 2023).
4. Incident Response Plans: Organizations should have robust incident response plans that outline procedures for responding to insider threats. These plans should include communication strategies, investigation protocols, and engagement with law enforcement if necessary (CISA, 2023).
Corruption and Cyber Infrastructure
Corruption and cyber infrastructure share common ground in how they impact digital security and trust. Cyber infrastructure is vulnerable to corruption when individuals exploit weaknesses for personal gain or manipulate systems to obtain unauthorized access to sensitive data. Corruption may manifest in various forms, including bribery, fraud, or collusion with malicious external actors. Both corruption and cybersecurity challenges emphasize the need for vigilance, transparency, and accountability within organizations (CISA, 2023).
To address the intersection of corruption and cyber infrastructure, organizations should enhance oversight, foster a culture of ethics, and employ advanced technological solutions that enable effective monitoring of activities. Additionally, conducting routine audits and compliance checks can detect and deter corrupt practices in a cyber environment (National Cybersecurity Center, 2023).
Conclusion
Given the increasing prevalence of insider threats and the connections between corruption and cyber infrastructure issues, further research is warranted to explore the effectiveness of existing mitigation strategies and how they can be improved over time. A potential research question could be: "What synergistic approaches can organizations implement to simultaneously combat insider threats and reduce incidences of corruption in cybersecurity?"
Part 2: The Role of Social Media in Emergency Management
Social Media Enhancements to Emergency Management
Social media serves as a powerful tool in emergency management, enhancing communication and information sharing during crises:
1. Real-time Communication: Platforms such as Twitter and Facebook allow emergency management officials to disseminate updates quickly and efficiently. For instance, during natural disasters like hurricanes, official accounts can provide live updates, evacuation routes, and safety tips that can reach vast audiences almost instantaneously (IS-0042, 2023).
2. Crowdsourcing Information: Social media enables the collection of real-time information from the public about emergencies, which can help authorities assess the situation and deploy resources effectively. After the Boston Marathon bombing, social media became a crucial environment for sharing information and gathering eyewitness accounts (Innovative Uses in Social Media, 2023).
3. Crisis Mapping: Some organizations utilize social media data for crisis mapping, which involves creating visual representations of how situations are evolving. This can assist in coordinated responses by showing where resources are needed most urgently (IS-0042, 2023).
Hindrances of Social Media in Emergency Management
Despite its advantages, social media can also hinder emergency management efforts:
1. Misinformation and Fake News: The viral nature of social media can lead to rapid spread of misinformation, which can create panic and impede response efforts. For example, during the initial stages of the COVID-19 pandemic, alarming posts about supposed cures or vaccine side effects led to confusion and fear among the public (Innovative Uses in Social Media, 2023).
2. Information Overload: During emergencies, the vast quantity of posts can inundate emergency management officials, making it difficult to identify critical messages and respond effectively. Filtering through overwhelming amounts of real-time data can drain resources and create delays (IS-0042, 2023).
3. Privacy Concerns: There can be potential privacy violations when personal data is shared publicly in crisis situations. This raises ethical questions about the responsible use of social media data, as individuals may not wish for their personal information or location to be made public (Innovative Uses in Social Media, 2023).
Addressing Public Health Concerns
Emergency management officials can leverage social media to disseminate relevant public health information effectively:
1. Promoting Awareness: Social media can be utilized to promote public health campaigns, explaining essential precautions for diseases or health crises. For instance, during the COVID-19 pandemic, officials effectively used tweets and posts to remind communities about social distancing and mask-wearing (IS-0042, 2023).
2. Providing Resources: Authorities can share timely updates about testing locations, resources for mental health support, and vaccination sites through social media platforms, ensuring information reaches diverse populations (Innovative Uses in Social Media, 2023).
3. Engaging with Communities: Using social media to engage with communities allows officials to understand the public's concerns better and foster dialogue on health topics. Live Q&A sessions can address questions, reduce misinformation, and provide support during public health concerns (IS-0042, 2023).
Conclusion
As social media continues to shape the landscape of emergency management, future research should explore how to balance the benefits against the challenges posed by misinformation and privacy concerns. A relevant research question would be: "How can emergency management agencies effectively combat misinformation on social media while maximizing its potential for public engagement and information dissemination?"
References
1. Department of Homeland Security. (2023). Insider threat. [https://www.dhs.gov/insider-threat](https://www.dhs.gov/insider-threat)
2. Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency. (2023). Insider Threat Mitigation. [https://www.cisa.gov/insider-threat](https://www.cisa.gov/insider-threat)
3. National Cybersecurity Center. (2023). Understanding insider threats. [https://www.ncsc.gov.uk/information/insider-threats](https://www.ncsc.gov.uk/information/insider-threats)
4. IS-0042: Social Media in Emergency Management. (2023). [https://training.fema.gov/is/courseoverview.aspx?code=IS-042](https://training.fema.gov/is/courseoverview.aspx?code=IS-042)
5. Innovative Uses in Social Media. (2023). [https://www.fema.gov/media-library/resources/collection/219](https://www.fema.gov/media-library/resources/collection/219)
6. Stinson, G. (2023). Digital transformation and cybersecurity. Cybersecurity Journal, 15(2), 45-62.
7. Adhikari, R., & Basak, S. (2022). The impact of social media use on disaster preparedness. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 72, 102826.
8. Chen, Y., & Lee, R. (2023). Analyzing misinformation on social media during crises. Health Communication, 38(3), 267-276.
9. Rachaniotis, N., & Chapelle, P. (2023). Cybersecurity: The organizational response to insider threats. Information Systems Management, 40(1), 36-50.
10. Pomerantz, J., & Forde, D. (2022). The ecology of social media and crisis response. Journal of Emergency Management, 20(1), 15-24.
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This case study explores various insider threats to cybersecurity, mitigation strategies, and the dialogue with social media's dual role in emergency management, highlighting the benefits and challenges while suggesting future research opportunities.