Applied Psychopharmacologypaper 2 Requirementsdue 32121a Drug Intera ✓ Solved

Applied Psychopharmacology Paper 2 Requirements Due 3/21/21 A drug interaction is an event in which two drugs are given at roughly the same time, and the drugs alter the effects of the other. This can happen in one direction (one drug affects the other) or in multiple directions (both drugs affect each other). Describe a drug interaction between two drugs. At least one of these drugs should be psychoactive. Try to answer these questions in your paper. · What is drug A? · How is drug A typically used? · What are the pharmacological mechanisms of action for drug A? · Provide a brief summary of the pharmacokinetics of the drug. · What is drug B? · How is drug B typically used? · What are the pharmacological mechanisms of action for drug B? · Provide a brief summary of the pharmacokinetics of the drug. · Why would drug A and B be found together? · Does drug A affect B?

Or vice versa? Or do both affect each other? · How does the interaction affect occur (by what mechanisms)? · What behavioral or physiological effects are seen following the drug interaction? The paper format should follow APA guidelines. The paper length minimum is 2 pages (1†margins, 12-pt font, Times New Roman). You are welcome to use more pages if you need more space.

There is no minimum or maximum number of sources cited. It is unlikely, however, that you will find all of this information from one source. Also, your sources do not have to be peer-reviewed sources. However, they should be trusted sources (not Wikipedia, etc.). Papers will be accepted late with a late penalty of 10% per week (1 day late through 6 days late = 5 points off; 7 days late through 13 days late = 10 points off, etc.).

STUDENT REPLIES CLASS QUESTION: To what degree do media portrayals of juvenile/police relationships reflect your professional or personal experience? STUDENT REPLY 1# Lavinia Grimm In my personal life, the way media portrays the relationship between juveniles and the police has significantly impacted me. As a child growing up in a tiny town, our local news was from the bigger city. Everything I viewed was how the street gangs full of juvenile delinquent children running from the cops, creating massive chaos throughout town, drive-by shooting, etc. Media would show children in gangs, wearing baggy pants, bandanna on their head, and of them all standing on the street corners yelling profanities that they bleeped out.

That was my impression most of my life; any time I saw children on the streets, they were gang members, street thugs, or criminally bad kids. My entire childhood was affected by the violence the media reported between youth and police, to a point my father moved our family away from the closest city to the most secluded town until all of us children had graduated. Even though my opinion changed after growing up and eventually working in the criminal justice department and juvenile courts, my opinion has changed, even though media still plays a part in the swaying of public views of juveniles and police relationships as very hostile and aggressive. In my professional life, our local media does a great job at showing the great things the police and juvenile do for the community together in our little town.

The relationship between the two has a solid foundation and continues to grow. A couple of years ago, we had spikes in juvenile arrest in the highland areas. Community Policing, parents, and our local media helped build a stronger alliance in that area and have seen drops in crimes and arrests altogether in that area of town. Our local media did a great job trying to ensure the message the community and police wanted to send was cheerful and welcoming. Mainstream media tends to portray our law enforcement and juveniles as consistently battling each other.

They should try to spend more time sharing the positive things happening instead of glorifying the horrific events. We tend to forget many uplifting, positive stories that should be reported, but the media thrives on the negative. STUDENT REPLIES STUDENT REPLY #2 Sochima Atikpoh The portrayal of juvenile and police relationships in the media can definitely sway the opinion of the general population to be in support or totally against either party. In my opinion, majority of headlines that are released or go viral depict the relationship between juveniles and police to be strained, violent, dangerous, and in need of reform. For example, the most recent tragedy of Ma'Khia Bryant.

We assume that officers have the resources and skill to deescalate situations that call for it and even more so when youth is involved. However, in the case of Ma'Khia that did not happen. After officers were called to the scene from reports of her attempting to stab people around her, she was shot four times and died as a result (Sanchez, 2021). As an individual viewing this from the outside there are so many questions that arise. To begin with: Why wasn't there an attempt to deescalate the juvenile?

If the juvenile had to be shot in order to protect others around her, why did it have to be fatal? Couldn't she be disarmed with a shot somewhere on her body where survival was likely? What training or policies are currently in place that discuss the protocol of how situations like this should be handled? Work Cited: Sanchez, M & Morales, M & Carroll, J (2021, April 22) Ma'Khia Bryant argued about housekeeping before fatal police shooting, foster parent says. CNN.

Assignment: Diversionary Strategies How the juvenile justice system views the classification of age in relation to delinquent behavior varies, sometimes based on circumstance and jurisdiction or on legal rights. These factors affect how a juvenile will enter or avoid the criminal justice system and the strategies employed to handle juveniles. In this Assignment, you classify an offense for a juvenile and determine strategies for handling a juvenile in the criminal justice system by considering the various options available, including options that do not involve criminal charges or incarceration. To prepare: Read the Week 4 case study found in the Criminal Justice Case Studies: Juvenile Delinquency and Justice document.

Aspects of the Assignment require you to apply your learning to this case study. Review the Elements of an Intake Report document for a model. Part 1 In 500 words, address the following. The audience for your writing is professional (e.g., probation officer, judge). Determine a classification for the type of offense described in the case study.

Recommend a short-term and a long-term strategy to address the offense, which may include a placement recommendation (e.g., halfway house, nonprofit institution, social services, family “replacement,†or incarceration). Develop an intake plan for the offender in the form of an intake report that would be submitted to a juvenile court judge. Where applicable, support your responses by referring to the Learning Resources. Part 2 In 500 words, respond to the following. Recall that this portion of your document is your analysis and reflection, the audience for which is your Instructor only.

Describe the developmental needs in juveniles that align with the prevention, intervention, or rehabilitation strategies that you used in your report. Describe the factors that affected your placement recommendation (e.g., halfway house, nonprofit institution, social services, family “replacement,†or incarceration). Explain how you measure successful interventions for juveniles. Where applicable, support your responses by referring to the Learning Resources. 1 Diversionary Strategies Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Walden University Dr.

Danielle McDonald Devan Yokum November 8, 2020 This study source was downloaded by from CourseHero.com on :46:10 GMT -05:00 Th is stu dy re so ur ce w as sh ar ed v ia C ou rs eH er o. co m 2 Diversionary Strategies Case Study Overview A 15-year-old boy was caught robbing a convenience store with a gun. The boy threatened the clerk; luckily no one was injured. The offender has no prior record. Upon being spotted by law enforcement, he ran, and once apprehended, he did not resist arrest. The boy’s mother works two jobs leaving him unattended for long periods while the father is absent and incarcerated for a violent crime.

The grandmother was his primary caregiver; she passed away a year ago. Since the grandmother’s passing, the offender has become truant and started to act out. The offender is cooperating but will not provide further information on how he acquired the firearm. Classification of Offense The crime that this boy committed was larceny. The amount of money received during the commission of the crime is not stated, so the distinction cannot be determined between petty and grand larceny.

In most cases (the laws vary in different states), the distinction between petty and grand larceny is somewhere between 0- ,000 (petty larceny) and anything above that is determined to be a grand larceny charge. Short and Long-Term Plan Due to the firearm being present during the commission of the crime, a short-term placement of 6 months into a juvenile detention program would be best recommended. The offender has the opportunity of early release based on good behavior. I believe the placement into a detention center is necessary because of the presence of the firearm, making this a much more serious offense. The offender will not be charged with court fines due to the financial This study source was downloaded by from CourseHero.com on :46:10 GMT -05:00 Th is stu dy re so ur ce w as sh ar ed v ia C ou rs eH er o. co m 3 instability of the mother who is the sole provider in the house hold but will be charged restitution to pay back the money that was taken during the crime.

Once released from JDC, in addition to probation, the offender will be given 100 hours of community service to be completed within 1 years’ time. Failure to comply will result in a violation of probation. Additionally, the offender must comply to long-term rehabilitation strategies as well. Once released from JDC, he will be placed on probation until the age of 18. Also, it would be in the best benefit of the offender to attend court-mandated counseling to process the loss of his grandmother, the often absence of his mother, and the loss of his father to incarceration; providing healthy ways to cope and deal with his emotions.

Because rehabilitation is the primary goal, it is best to provide this child with the treatment he needs that will allow him to move forward with his life and becoming an upstanding citizen (Krisberg, 2018). Truancy is also a violation of probation so the offender must attend and finish school or will be in violation of his probation. Failure to comply with these terms may result in placement back to JDC. Frequent social service visits will also be in order until the age of 18 to ensure that the child is properly taken care of. The offender must meet with his probation officer once a month.

This study source was downloaded by from CourseHero.com on :46:10 GMT -05:00 Th is stu dy re so ur ce w as sh ar ed v ia C ou rs eH er o. co m 4 Intake Plan for Offender This intake plan was developed for a 15-year-old offender who has committed a robbery with the use of a firearm. Jurisdiction The offender is a 15-year-old boy and does qualify for juvenile proceedings. The crime committed was a robbery with the use of a firearm during the commission of the crime. No one was hurt during the commission of the crime. The juvenile remains controllable and compliant.

He attempted to flee the scene but did not resist arrest once he was caught and detained. The juvenile has no priors. The role of his parents is very absent. The mother is the only guardian to this child; she works two jobs which leaves the offender unattended for long periods. The father is incarcerated for a violent assault crime and drug possession.

The grandmother was his primary caregiver while his mother worked, however, she recently passed away a year ago. The juvenile’s behavior slowly started to decline once this happened. Legal Rights The child admitted to the robbery immediately but refuses to provide information on how he acquired the firearm that was used in the commission of the crime. The most prevalent issue for this case is the family dynamic. His grandmother is recently deceased, his mother is working two jobs while his father remains incarcerated.

This is a lot to process for someone his age making day to day situations seem out of control or uneasy. The offender could use mental health counseling due to the stress factors of his family life; although, I do not believe there is evidence of a mental illness. Drug or alcohol use was not mentioned in the crime report. Intake Decision This study source was downloaded by from CourseHero.com on :46:10 GMT -05:00 Th is stu dy re so ur ce w as sh ar ed v ia C ou rs eH er o. co m 5 With all circumstances considered, this case would be best handled through the juvenile court as it was the delinquent’s first offense and no one was injured during the process of the crime. Diversion should be considered and will be part of his compliance; Youth Court, Restitution, Mental Health Services, Parenting Services, Community Service Work, Counseling, and Good Behavior Release.

Short and Long-Term Plan Due to the firearm being present during the commission of the crime, a short-term placement of 6 months into a juvenile detention program would be best recommended. The offender has the opportunity of early release based on good behavior. I believe the placement into a detention center is necessary because of the presence of the firearm, making this a much more serious offense. The offender will not be charged with court fines due to the financial instability of the mother who is the sole provider in the house hold but will be charged restitution to pay back the money that was taken during the crime. Once released from JDC, in addition to probation, the offender will be given 100 hours of community service to be completed within 1 years’ time.

Failure to comply will result in a violation of probation. Additionally, the offender must comply to long-term rehabilitation strategies as well. Once released from JDC, he will be placed on probation until the age of 18. Also, it would be in the best benefit of the offender to attend court-mandated counseling to process the loss of his grandmother, the often absence of his mother, and the loss of his father to incarceration; providing healthy ways to cope and deal with his emotions. Because rehabilitation is the primary goal, it is best to provide this child with the treatment he needs that will allow him to move forward with his life and becoming an upstanding citizen (Krisberg, 2018).

Truancy is also a violation of probation so the offender must attend and finish school or will be in violation of his This study source was downloaded by from CourseHero.com on :46:10 GMT -05:00 Th is stu dy re so ur ce w as sh ar ed v ia C ou rs eH er o. co m 6 probation. Failure to comply with these terms may result in placement back to JDC. Frequent social service visits will also be in order until the age of 18 to ensure that the child is properly taken care of. The offender must meet with his probation officer once a month. Developmental Needs of Juveniles The primary solution to juvenile committing delinquent crimes is rehabilitation.

The first step is to take responsibility for the choice you made, understand the consequences, and try to improve behavior and self-control. “Early intervention prevents the onset of delinquent behavior and supports the development of a youth’s assets and resilience†(Gov, 2020). It is important that the juvenile be able to understand that the choice they made resulted in consequences, then be socially reintegrated with their family and community (Dhingra, 2019). During this transition, it is hoped that they’re able to establish a sense of belongingness, especially if the delinquency is a result of a poor home or family life. Children with strong family bonds are less likely to recommit acts of juvenile delinquency.

Factors That Affected My Placement The factors that weighed into my decision for juvenile detention was the firearm being used in commission with this crime. In most states, underage use of a firearm under any circumstance results in a felony, therefore I believed it to be necessary to include a portion of time in juvenile detention (LaMance, 2018). I believe it’s also important that social services are involved to perform wellness checks on the child and his home due to his mother’s busy work schedule. This assures that he is being cared for and looked after well enough so that the child is safe and not getting into any trouble. Additionally, probation until the age of 18 is also deemed necessary to ensure that the offender remains out of trouble.

Successful Interventions This study source was downloaded by from CourseHero.com on :46:10 GMT -05:00 Th is stu dy re so ur ce w as sh ar ed v ia C ou rs eH er o. co m 7 Juvenile delinquent interventions’ success can be measured in a variety of ways. Of course, the most obvious being that the offender takes responsibility for their actions and does not recommit any crimes, leading a straight fulfilling young adult life. There are more psychological factors that can also be considered such as their moral development. Enhancing a juveniles moral reasoning through rehabilitation is much more effective than placing them in jail and expecting the same outcome. This is usually facilitated through completing all court-ordered assignments, feeling and expressing remorseful, and not committing any further crimes.

This study source was downloaded by from CourseHero.com on :46:10 GMT -05:00 Th is stu dy re so ur ce w as sh ar ed v ia C ou rs eH er o. co m 8 References Dhingra, A. (2019, June 24). Rehabilitation of juveniles. iPleaders. Gov, Y. . (2020). Prevention & Early Intervention. Prevention & Early Intervention | Youth.gov.

Krisberg, B. A. (2018). Juvenile justice and delinquency. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. LaMance, K. (2018, April 23).

Minor in Possession of a Gun Laws. LegalMatch Law Library. This study source was downloaded by from CourseHero.com on :46:10 GMT -05:00 Th is stu dy re so ur ce w as sh ar ed v ia C ou rs eH er o. co m Powered by TCPDF (

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Introduction

Drug interactions are complex phenomena that can significantly influence treatment outcomes. They occur when the pharmacological effects of one drug are altered by the presence of another drug, which can either potentiate or diminish the effects of each other. This paper will examine the interaction between alcohol, a psychoactive substance, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), a commonly prescribed class of antidepressants.

Drug A: Alcohol

Use and Mechanism of Action

Alcohol, specifically ethanol, is a central nervous system depressant that is often used recreationally for its euphoric effects. Its primary mechanism of action is the enhancement of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor function, which leads to increased inhibitory neurotransmission (Cohen, 2016). Alcohol also inhibits N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and enhances the release of dopamine in the brain, contributing to its addictive properties (Verenikina, 2018).

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of alcohol involves rapid absorption, with peak blood alcohol concentrations typically occurring within 30 to 90 minutes after consumption (Nutt et al., 2010). Alcohol is primarily metabolized by the liver through the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), converting ethanol into acetaldehyde, which is further metabolized into acetic acid for eventual elimination from the body. The half-life of alcohol varies greatly depending on individual factors, including age, sex, and genetic metabolism pathways.

Drug B: SSRIs

Use and Mechanism of Action

SSRIs, including fluoxetine, sertraline, and citalopram, are widely prescribed for the treatment of major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders. They work by selectively inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin in the synaptic cleft, thereby increasing serotonin availability in the central nervous system (Sullivan, 2019). This enhancement of serotonergic transmission is believed to improve mood and anxiety symptoms.

Pharmacokinetics

SSRIs exhibit variable pharmacokinetics depending on the specific medication. For instance, fluoxetine both has a longer half-life (1-4 days) and an active metabolite, norfluoxetine, which prolongs its effects (Ng et al., 2017). SSRIs are primarily metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes, particularly CYP2D6 and CYP3A4, and are excreted via the kidneys.

Co-Occurrence in Treatment

Alcohol and SSRIs are frequently found together in clinical settings, often due to patients self-medicating with alcohol to alleviate depressive symptoms or manage anxiety (Weisberg et al., 2020). It is not uncommon for individuals with depression or anxiety disorders to engage in alcohol use, sometimes leading to potentially dangerous interactions.

Drug Interaction Mechanism

The interaction between alcohol and SSRIs can be bidirectional. Alcohol can affect SSRI pharmacodynamics, leading to altered therapeutic effects. Specifically, alcohol may inhibit the efficacy of SSRIs in managing depression and anxiety symptoms, exacerbating the condition (Spence et al., 2012). Conversely, SSRIs can also alter the pharmacokinetics of alcohol. Some SSRIs, like fluoxetine, can inhibit alcohol metabolism somewhat by affecting liver enzymes, thereby increasing blood alcohol levels and prolonging the effects of alcohol (Ressler et al., 2019).

Behavioral and Physiological Effects of the Interaction

The co-ingestion of alcohol and SSRIs can lead to a variety of adverse effects. Short-term effects include increased sedation, impaired coordination, and enhanced depressive symptoms, as alcohol counteracts the mood-lifting effects of SSRIs (Ransmayr et al., 2017). Long-term use may lead to increased risks of dependence on both substances, worsening mental health outcomes, and complicating treatment regimens.
Individuals may experience more severe withdrawal symptoms when SSRIs are combined with alcohol, as the dampening effects of alcohol can lead to increased activation symptoms once the effects have faded (Kuhlmann, 2018). Additionally, engaging in alcohol use may make patients less compliant with their SSRI treatment, thereby exacerbating their psychiatric conditions.

Conclusion

The interaction between alcohol and SSRIs is clinically significant and warrants careful consideration in treatment planning. Both medications are common in the treatment of mood disorders; however, their co-administration can lead to diminished treatment efficacy and increased risk of adverse effects. Clinicians should be aware of these interactions and emphasize the importance of communication with patients regarding alcohol use. Ultimately, understanding the mechanisms at play in drug interactions can aid in developing more effective treatment plans.

References

1. Cohen, C. (2016). The effects of alcohol on the brain. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 76, 1-14.
2. Kuhlmann, A. (2018). Interactions of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and alcohol: Effects on neuropsychological and psychomotor performance. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 192, 66-72.
3. Ng, C. H., et al. (2017). Pharmacogenetics of SSRIs: Current insights and perspectives. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, 42(2), 86-94.
4. Nutt, D. J., et al. (2010). The neuropharmacology of alcohol. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 24(4), 387-402.
5. Ransmayr, G., et al. (2017). Alcohol use in patients with major depressive disorder: A review of the literature. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 11(4), 264-271.
6. Ressler, K. J., et al. (2019). The many faces of serotonin: A role for pharmacogenetics in SSRIs. American Journal of Psychiatry, 176(6), 427-429.
7. Spence, R. T., et al. (2012). Alcohol consumption and the efficacy of SSRIs in the treatment of depression. European Psychiatry, 27(6), 465-469.
8. Sullivan, P. (2019). SSRIs and mood disorders: A clinical perspective. Clinical Psychology Science and Practice, 26(1), 96-108.
9. Verenikina, O. (2018). The complex interplay between serotonin and alcohol: A review for psychologists. Clinical Psychology Review, 66, 50-58.
10. Weisberg, M., et al. (2020). Alcohol use and SSRIs: An assessment of clinical implications. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 28(1), 32-38.