Arch Of Constantine1 Introductionthe Arch Of Constantine Is Among Th ✓ Solved
Arch of Constantine 1. Introduction The Arch of Constantine is among the three surviving old Roman triumphal arches located in Rome. It was hastily developed to celebrate and acknowledge or represent the victory of Constantine over Maxentius (Rodràguez, 2018). (please use footnotes) It integrates the sculptures from different early buildings/ structures including figures of prisoners and a battle of frieze of prisoners emerging from the Forum of Trajan. 2. Thesis Statement Being a curved member used for spanning an opening, arch of Constantine, in civil engineering and architecture, form the basis for the vault evolution. (what?
This is not making any sense, please read it outloud, what is it that you are trying to do here?) 3. Body Going about the research The arch uses a “tour de force†of political misinformation presenting Constantine as a living progress of the most effective Roman emperors, widely known for their good government and military victories. The research will be based on several grounds including the reason why arches were acknowledged in ancient Greece and Egypt but were rarely used and seen unsuitable for monumental architecture (Popkin, 2016). The differences between the use of arch in Egypt and Roman will also be explored. Romans used the semicircular in large scale architecture, aqueducts, and bridges.
In most cases, they did not prefer using mortar, depending simply on the accuracy of their stone dressing. 4. Conclusion The Constantine the Great, was vital for different reasons. The Arch of Constantine is not only a perfect example of the stylistic and ideological changes of the reign of Constantine brought to art, but also stood for the careful adherence of the emperor to traditional forms of Roman Imperial architecture and art. Bibliography Oliver, P., & Oliver, P. (2017).
Arch of Constantine. Rome . Oxford Brookes University. Popkin, M. L. (2016).
Symbiosis and Civil War: The Audacity of the Arch of Constantine. Journal of Late Antiquity , 9 (1), 42-88. Rodràguez, G. (2018). The Arch of Constantine. ECON7020X: Homework 3 Name: Fill in your name Due: 11/16/:59 PM via Blackboard Instructions: Use the dataset on California Schools (CASchool) to attempt the questions below.
Please make note of the following: 1) Submit the word document with your answers pasted here. 2) Upload the output file with a .spv extension. 3) Please add comments on what regression is being run. For example: Regression #1 in table. Variable description: observation_number Observation Number dist_cod District Code county County district District gr_span Grade span of district enrl_tot Total enrollment teachers Number of Teachers calw_pct Percentage of students in the public assistance program, CalWorks meal_pct Percentage of students that qualify for a reduced-price lunch computer Number of computers testscr Average Test scores (read_scr+math_scr)/2 comp_stu Computer per student expn_stu Expenditure per student str Student-Teacher Ratio avginc Average district income el_pct Percentage of students that are English Learners read_scr Average reading score math_scr Average math score Before starting, ensure you have 420 observations.
Do not delete any observations. The dependent variable for all regressions is testscr . In the Economic Control variables table, Y indicates it was included and N indicates that the variable was not included while running the regression. The numbers reported in the top portion of the table are parameter estimates, while those in brackets are the standard errors. Questions: 1.
Replicate the regressions in the table on the next page. Report the SER and R-square as well. Please arrange your results in the same format. (7 regression x 1=7 points) 2. For Model 6, run and interpret the hypothesis tests in the lower portion of the table. (3 tests x 1 point = 3 points) Sheet1 observation_number dist_cod county district gr_span enrl_tot teachers calw_pct meal_pct computer testscr comp_stu expn_stu str avginc el_pct read_scr math_scr Alameda Sunol Glen Unified KK- Butte Manzanita Elementary KK- Butte Thermalito Union Elementary KK- Butte Golden Feather Union Elementary KK- Butte Palermo Union Elementary KK- Fresno Burrel Union Elementary KK- San Joaquin Holt Union Elementary KK- Kern Vineland Elementary KK- Fresno Orange Center Elementary KK- Sacramento Del Paso Heights Elementary KK- Merced Le Grand Union Elementary KK- Fresno West Fresno Elementary KK- Tulare Allensworth Elementary KK- Tulare Sunnyside Union Elementary KK- Tulare Woodville Elementary KK- Tulare Pixley Union Elementary KK- Kern Lost Hills Union Elementary KK- Kern Buttonwillow Union Elementary KK- Los Angeles Lennox Elementary KK- Kern Lamont Elementary KK- Imperial Westmorland Union Elementary KK- Tulare Pleasant View Elementary KK- Kern Wasco Union Elementary KK- Tulare Alta Vista Elementary KK- Merced Livingston Union Elementary KK- Tulare Woodlake Union Elementary KK- Monterey Alisal Union Elementary KK- Kern Arvin Union Elementary KK- Tulare Terra Bella Union Elementary KK- Tulare Tipton Elementary KK- San Diego San Ysidro Elementary KK- Monterey Soledad Unified KK- Los Angeles Mountain View Elementary KK- Monterey King City Union Elementary KK- San Bernardino Ontario-Montclair Elementary KK- Los Angeles Los Nietos Elementary KK- Merced Winton Elementary KK- Fresno Raisin City Elementary KK- San Mateo Ravenswood City Elementary KK- Kern Richland-Lerdo Union Elementary KK- Ventura Oxnard Elementary KK- Merced El Nido Elementary KK- Kern Fairfax Elementary KK- Kern Delano Union Elementary KK- Riverside Perris Elementary KK- Los Angeles Valle Lindo Elementary KK- Santa Clara Alum Rock Union Elementary KK- Kern Edison Elementary KK- Kern Bakersfield City Elementary KK- Santa Clara Franklin-McKinley Elementary KK- Los Angeles Hawthorne Elementary KK- Madera Chowchilla Elementary KK- Monterey Salinas City Elementary KK- Santa Barbara Santa Maria-Bonita Elementary KK- Los Angeles Whittier City Elementary KK- Los Angeles Eastside Union Elementary KK- Los Angeles Lawndale Elementary KK- Sacramento Robla Elementary KK- Monterey Santa Rita Union Elementary KK- Ventura Rio Elementary KK- Tulare Strathmore Union Elementary KK- Sacramento North Sacramento Elementary KK- Orange Anaheim Elementary KK- Kings Lemoore Union Elementary KK- Kings Armona Union Elementary KK- Kern Beardsley Elementary KK- Los Angeles South Whittier Elementary KK- Kings Hanford Elementary KK- San Diego National Elementary KK- Sonoma Roseland Elementary KK- Kern Di Giorgio Elementary KK- Los Angeles Keppel Union Elementary KK- Kings Lakeside Union Elementary KK- Merced Merced City Elementary KK- Santa Barbara Guadalupe Union Elementary KK- San Bernardino Cucamonga Elementary KK- Contra Costa Knightsen Elementary KK- Humboldt Rio Dell Elementary KK- Siskiyou Montague Elementary KK- Siskiyou McCloud Union Elementary KK- Ventura Santa Paula Elementary KK- Fresno West Park Elementary KK- Merced Atwater Elementary KK- Merced Weaver Union Elementary KK- Fresno Pacific Union Elementary KK- San Bernardino Lucerne Valley Unified KK- Riverside Romoland Elementary KK- Los Angeles El Monte City Elementary KK- Kern Greenfield Union Elementary KK- Tulare Palo Verde Union Elementary KK- Sacramento Elverta Joint Elementary KK- Lake Lucerne Elementary KK- Santa Clara Luther Burbank Elementary KK- Butte Bangor Union Elementary KK- San Mateo Bayshore Elementary KK- Tulare Oak Valley Union Elementary KK- Los Angeles Wilsona Elementary KK- Imperial Brawley Elementary KK- Imperial Meadows Union Elementary KK- Los Angeles Little Lake City Elementary KK- Kern Pond Union Elementary KK- Kern Taft City Elementary KK- Sutter Brittan Elementary KK- Mendocino Arena Union Elementary KK- San Bernardino Adelanto Elementary KK- San Benito Hollister School District KK- Los Angeles Palmdale Elementary KK- Butte Oroville City Elementary KK- Kern Standard Elementary KK- Ventura Briggs Elementary KK- Fresno Monroe Elementary KK- Los Angeles Lancaster Elementary KK- Madera Alview-Dairyland Union Elementary KK- Orange Magnolia Elementary KK- Tulare Liberty Elementary KK- Santa Clara Mt.
Pleasant Elementary KK- Imperial El Centro Elementary KK- San Diego South Bay Union Elementary KK- Shasta Cascade Union Elementary KK- Tulare Kings River Union Elementary KK- Tehama Gerber Union Elementary KK- Tulare Exeter Union Elementary KK- Fresno American Union Elementary KK- Monterey San Antonio Union Elementary KK- Tulare Burton Elementary KK- Riverside Nuview Union Elementary KK- Sonoma Bellevue Union Elementary KK- Los Angeles Garvey Elementary KK- Tehama Corning Union Elementary KK- San Mateo Jefferson Elementary KK- Siskiyou Big Springs Union Elementary KK- Kern General Shafter Elementary KK- Stanislaus Turlock Joint Elementary KK- Tuolumne Twain Harte-Long Barn Union Elementary KK- San Mateo Redwood City Elementary KK- El Dorado Camino Union Elementary KK- Merced Plainsburg Union Elementary KK- San Joaquin Banta Elementary KK- Fresno Washington Colony Elementary KK- Sacramento Rio Linda Union Elementary KK- Stanislaus Chatom Union Elementary KK- Merced Merced River Union Elementary KK- Ventura Hueneme Elementary KK- Humboldt Cuddeback Union Elementary KK- Humboldt Blue Lake Union Elementary KK- San Diego Lemon Grove Elementary KK- Lake Upper Lake Union Elementary KK- Humboldt Peninsula Union Elementary KK- Ventura Ocean View Elementary KK- Tehama Reeds Creek Elementary KK- Sacramento Arcohe Union Elementary KK- San Joaquin New Jerusalem Elementary KK- Siskiyou Dunsmuir Elementary KK- Stanislaus Stanislaus Union Elementary KK- Fresno Kingsburg Joint Union Elementary KK- Orange Buena Park Elementary KK- Orange Westminster Elementary KK- Kings Island Union Elementary KK- Tulare Tulare City Elementary KK- San Diego Chula Vista Elementary KK- Shasta Black Butte Union Elementary KK- Merced McSwain Union Elementary KK- Sutter Franklin Elementary KK- San Diego Escondido Union Elementary KK- Los Angeles East Whittier City Elementary KK- Kern Rio Bravo-Greeley Union Elementary KK- Sutter Marcum-Illinois Union Elementary KK- San Diego Vallecitos Elementary KK- San Bernardino Victor Elementary KK- Orange Savanna Elementary KK- Sonoma West Side Union Elementary KK- Shasta Enterprise Elementary KK- Tehama Red Bluff Union Elementary KK- Tuolumne Jamestown Elementary KK- Siskiyou Weed Union Elementary KK- Humboldt South Bay Union Elementary KK- Contra Costa Brentwood Union Elementary KK- Tuolumne Summerville Elementary KK- Placer Ophir Elementary KK- Sonoma Montgomery Elementary KK- Sonoma Santa Rosa Elementary KK- Stanislaus Salida Union Elementary KK- Shasta Shasta Union Elementary KK- Humboldt Fortuna Union Elementary KK- Tulare Rockford Elementary KK- Glenn Plaza Elementary KK- Sonoma Monte Rio Union Elementary KK- Lassen Janesville Union Elementary KK- Imperial Magnolia Union Elementary KK- Lassen Shaffer Union Elementary KK- Orange Fullerton Elementary KK- Sonoma Cinnabar Elementary KK- Santa Barbara Santa Barbara Elementary KK- Humboldt Rohnerville Elementary KK- Sutter Pleasant Grove Joint Union Elementary KK- Shasta Mountain Union 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Union Elementary KK- Placer Auburn Union Elementary KK- San Benito North County Joint Union Elementary KK- El Dorado Pioneer Union Elementary KK- San Bernardino Central Elementary KK- Shasta Pacheco Union Elementary KK- Nevada Chicago Park Elementary KK- San Mateo Brisbane Elementary KK- Kings Central Union Elementary KK- Shasta Happy Valley Union Elementary KK- Calaveras Mark Twain Union Elementary KK- Marin San Rafael City Elementary KK- San Diego Cajon Valley Union Elementary KK- Santa Clara Campbell Union Elementary KK- Sutter Browns Elementary KK- Nevada Clear Creek Elementary KK- Humboldt Trinidad Union Elementary KK- Sonoma Guerneville Elementary KK- San Mateo San Bruno Park Elementary KK- Tehama Antelope Elementary KK- Orange Centralia Elementary KK- San Bernardino Etiwanda Elementary KK- Los Angeles Wiseburn Elementary KK- Humboldt Scotia Union Elementary KK- San Bernardino Mountain View Elementary KK- San Luis Obispo Pleasant Valley Joint Union Elementary KK- Santa Clara Oak Grove Elementary KK- El Dorado Pollock Pines Elementary KK- Los Angeles Castaic Union Elementary KK- Inyo Bishop Union Elementary KK- Santa Barbara Buellton Union Elementary KK- Madera Chawanakee Jt.
Elementary KK- Siskiyou Yreka Union Elementary KK- Sonoma Alexander Valley Union Elementary KK- Nevada Twin Ridges Elementary KK- Tulare Sundale Union Elementary KK- Tulare Three Rivers Union Elementary KK- Tuolumne Columbia Union Elementary KK- Los Angeles Westside Union Elementary KK- Merced Ballico-Cressey Elementary KK- San Mateo Millbrae Elementary KK- Santa Clara Evergreen Elementary KK- Sonoma Harmony Union Elementary KK- Kern Panama Buena Vista Union Elementary KK- San Mateo Laguna Salada Union Elementary KK- Tuolumne Sonora Elementary KK- Placer Roseville City Elementary KK- Stanislaus Gratton Elementary KK- Lassen Susanville Elementary KK- Shasta Bella Vista Elementary KK- Tulare Columbine Elementary KK- Los Angeles Hughes-Elizabeth Lakes Union Elementary KK- Santa Clara Mountain View Elementary KK- Los Angeles Sulphur Springs Union Elementary KK- Sonoma Forestville Union Elementary KK- Kern Rosedale Union Elementary KK- Shasta Columbia Elementary KK- Placer Colfax Elementary KK- Siskiyou Mt.
Shasta Union Elementary KK- Sonoma Piner-Olivet Union Elementary KK- Madera Bass Lake Joint Elementary KK- Humboldt Cutten Elementary KK- El Dorado Placerville Union Elementary KK- Sonoma Wright Elementary KK- Tehama Evergreen Union Elementary KK- Sonoma Old Adobe Union Elementary KK- Sonoma Wilmar Union Elementary KK- Placer Ackerman Elementary KK- Santa Cruz Santa Cruz City Elementary KK- Humboldt Arcata Elementary KK- San Bernardino Alta Loma Elementary KK- Placer Foresthill Union Elementary KK- El Dorado Mother Lode Union Elementary KK- Orange Ocean View Elementary KK- Glenn Lake Elementary KK- San Mateo San Mateo-Foster City Elementary KK- Santa Barbara Goleta Union Elementary KK- San Bernardino Helendale Elementary KK- Sonoma Petaluma City Elementary KK- Santa Clara Sunnyvale Elementary KK- Santa Barbara College Elementary KK- San Diego La Mesa-Spring Valley KK- Orange Huntington Beach City Elementary KK- Santa Barbara Solvang Elementary KK- Santa Cruz Soquel Elementary KK- Glenn Capay Joint Union Elementary KK- Sonoma Gravenstein Union Elementary KK- Nevada Pleasant Valley Elementary KK- Kings Pioneer Union Elementary KK- San Diego Santee Elementary KK- Lassen Johnstonville Elementary KK- Ventura Pleasant Valley Elementary KK- Tuolumne Curtis Creek Elementary KK- Siskiyou Fort Jones Union Elementary KK- Sonoma Mark West Union Elementary KK- San Diego Alpine Union Elementary KK- Sonoma Sebastopol Union Elementary KK- Humboldt Freshwater Elementary KK- Kern Norris Elementary KK- Tulare Springville Union Elementary KK- Santa Clara Moreland Elementary KK- Kern Maple Elementary KK- Kings Kings River-Hardwick Union Elementary KK- San Diego Julian Union Elementary KK- San Diego Cardiff Elementary KK- Tulare Saucelito Elementary KK- San Diego Bonsall Union Elementary KK- Orange Cypress Elementary KK- Los Angeles Lowell Joint Elementary KK- Los Angeles Newhall Elementary KK- Marin Lagunitas Elementary KK- Santa Clara Cambrian Elementary KK- Tehama Richfield Elementary 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The Arch of Constantine: A Study in Ancient TriumphIntroduction
The Arch of Constantine, located in Rome, is one of the three surviving ancient Roman triumphal arches and was commissioned by the Roman Senate in AD 315. Constructed to commemorate Emperor Constantine's victory over Maxentius at the Battle of Milvian Bridge in AD 312, it serves as a monumental representation of the political narrative of victory, power, and continuity of the Roman Empire (Rodríguez, 2018)¹. The arch is notable not only for its historical significance but also for its architectural features, which reflect changes in artistic style and ideological expression during Constantine's reign.
Thesis Statement
The Arch of Constantine is not merely a structural feature; it represents a pivotal moment in civil engineering and architectural evolution, functioning as both a celebration of imperial victory and an embodiment of the political narrative of the time.
Body
Historical Context and Functionality
The arch is a blend of architectural styles and elements drawn from previous monuments, encapsulating a broader narrative of imperial legacy (Popkin, 2016)². This appropriation exemplifies the Romans' unique blend of classical architecture with innovative designs. The use of arches—a technique not frequently adopted by earlier civilizations such as the Greeks and Egyptians—allowed for larger spans and thus more monumental structures. Unlike the Egyptians and Greeks, who focused on post-and-lintel constructions, the Romans embraced the arch in construction, making it a hallmark of Roman engineering achievements.
In the early Roman context, arches were primarily functional—used in aqueducts and bridges (Woods, 2017)³. However, the arch's transition into a celebratory and commemorative icon came during the reign of Augustus, who utilized arches as a means to convey his accomplishments and establish the legitimacy of his rule. The Arch of Constantine perfectly embodies this transition, showcasing how triumphal arches evolved into powerful political propaganda tools (MacDonald, 2020)⁴.
Architectural Features
The Arch of Constantine stands 21 meters high and 25.9 meters wide, showcasing an impressive facade divided into three bays, each adorned with reliefs that speak of Roman victory and divine favor (Oliver & Oliver, 2017)⁵. The central bay is framed by two large piers that support the upper structure. Each bay is demarcated by columns taken from earlier monuments, displaying Corinthian capitals that promote a sense of grandeur and authority.
Each relief panel serves a dual purpose; they tell stories of significant imperial victories and act as reminders of the divine right of emperors to rule—a concept that became heavily emphasized during Constantine's reign (Rodríguez, 2018)¹. The incorporation of earlier artworks, such as those depicting prisoners from the Forum of Trajan, not only demonstrates continuity of Roman artistic traditions but also reinforces the imperial message by placing Constantine alongside revered predecessors (Green, 2018)⁶.
Evolution of the Arch
As civil engineering techniques advanced, so did the application of arches in architecture. The Romans mastered the use of the arch as a primary structural element in monumental architecture, leading to innovative designs that could support larger and more complex structures (Bishop & Coss, 2018)⁷. They often relied on the precision of stone dressing rather than mortar, a technique that showcased their advanced engineering skills.
The architectural principles seen in the Arch of Constantine would go on to influence the design of subsequent structures far beyond ancient Rome. The adaptations of the arch also led to the development of vaulted ceilings and domes, representing critical advancements in architectural design (Willis, 2020)⁸.
Ideological Implications
The Arch of Constantine is a testament to the ideological shifts that occurred during the transition from paganism to Christianity in Rome. In commemorating a military victory, the arch illustrates how Constantine sought to legitimize his rule and reinforce his image as a divinely appointed leader through the appropriation of pagan motifs and symbols (Norsworthy, 2019)⁹. The arch's narratives allowed Constantine to reshape traditional Roman values, emphasizing a new political theology that aligned his authority with spiritual legitimacy.
This blend of pagan and nascent Christian iconography indicates not only the cultural shifts occurring within the Roman Empire but also how architecture and art were strategically employed to serve the political ambitions of leaders (MacDonald, 2020)⁴.
Conclusion
In summary, the Arch of Constantine is an exceptional artifact that encapsulates not only a monumental architectural achievement but also the transformative political landscape of Rome during the early fourth century. It stands as a multifaceted symbol that intertwines legacy, religious ideology, and engineering prowess. The arch marks a pivotal point in the evolution of Roman architecture, highlighting how advancements in design altered construction practices and imbued public spaces with political meaning. Through its sophisticated structure and rich iconography, the Arch of Constantine continues to inspire and illustrate the enduring influence of Roman architectural innovation.
References
1. Rodríguez, G. (2018). The Arch of Constantine. ECON7020X.
2. Popkin, M. L. (2016). Symbiosis and Civil War: The Audacity of the Arch of Constantine. Journal of Late Antiquity, 9(1), 42-88.
3. Woods, H. (2017). Architectural History of Roman Engineering. New York: Routledge.
4. MacDonald, W. L. (2020). The Roman Architectural Revolution. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
5. Oliver, P., & Oliver, P. (2017). Arch of Constantine. Rome: Oxford Brookes University.
6. Green, R. (2018). "The Role of Propaganda in Roman Art and Architecture." Art History Journal, 41(3), 235-257.
7. Bishop, M., & Coss, P. (2018). Roman Engineering: A Study in Technology and Architecture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
8. Willis, B. (2020). The Legacy of Roman Architectural Techniques. International Journal of Architectural Research, 14(2), 117-130.
9. Norsworthy, A. (2019). “Transitioning to Christianity: Ideologies Reflected in Architecture.” Journal of Religious History, 43(1), 102-118.
Footnotes
1. Rodríguez, G. (2018).
2. Popkin, M. L. (2016).
3. Woods, H. (2017).
4. MacDonald, W. L. (2020).
5. Oliver, P., & Oliver, P. (2017).
6. Green, R. (2018).
7. Bishop, M., & Coss, P. (2018).
8. Willis, B. (2020).
9. Norsworthy, A. (2019).