British North Americahistory 100francisco J Najerapatterns Of Europea ✓ Solved

British North America History 100 Francisco J. Najera Patterns of European Colonization in the New World () Continuity & Change in Colonial America 1607: Settlement of Jamestown 1619: VA House of Burgesses; 1st African American in VA 1620: Mayflower Compact 1636: Founding of Harvard University 1639: Fundamental Orders of Connecticut 1647: Massachusetts Education Law 1649: Maryland Act of Toleration 1651: First Navigation Act 1676: Bacon’s Rebellion 1681: William Penn founds Pennsylvania Continuity & Change in Colonial America 1705: Virginia enacts slavery legislation 1733: Molasses Act 1735: Zenger Trial 1754: Beginning of French & Indian War : British national debt doubles 1763: Treaty of Paris ends French & Indian War Continuity & Change in Revolutionary America 1764: Sugar Act & Currency Act 1765: Stamp Act; Quartering Act; Stamp Act Congress meets; boycotts; Sons of Liberty riots 1766: Stamp Act repealed; Declaratory Act passed 1767: Townshend Duties 1770: Boston Massacre; Townshend Act repealed but tea tax stays 1773: Boston Tea Party 1774: Coercive Acts; First Continental Congress 1775: Lexington and Concord; Second Continental Congress meets Continuity & Change in Revolutionary America 1776: Declaration of Independence by Second Continental Congress 1777: Battle of Saratoga; Articles of Confederation 1778: Alliance with France 1781: Cornwallis surrenders at Yorktown; states ratify Articles of Confederation 1783: Treaty of Paris ends the war Beginnings The English Establish a Foothold at Jamestown, Evolution of the Virginia Colony, Virginia’s Early Relations with Native Americans Virginia Colony Why was England interested in Virginia? claims of land of abundance Problems Roanoke, 1587 solutions for settlement joint stock company Virginia company Start of Jamestown, 1607 Development of Virginia a.

Explain Virginia’s development; include the Virginia Company, tobacco cultivation, relationships with Native Americans such as Powhatan, development of the House of Burgesses, Bacon’s Rebellion, and the development of slavery. Virginia Company Founded in 1606 as a joint-stock company Why? Profit Seal of the Virginia Company. From Joint-stock company: trading venture that sold shares to divide cost and profits Land ownership Trade monopoly Monopoly: control over all or almost all trade or production of a good Virginia Company Given a charter by King James I Purpose: 1. Establish a new colony 2.

Be self-governing 3. Provide supplies, settlers. Et cetera charter: formal document granting right of self-rule DID YOU KNOW: England’s need for timber and rising unemployment encouraged many to travel to the new colony. Virginia Company April 1607 – ships land at mouth of Chesapeake Bay Jamestown 1610: A Big Year “Starving Time†90% of residents died during winter of Colony was almost abandoned Rescued by ships from Bermuda Tobacco John Rolfe began planting tobacco First exported in 1612 DID YOU KNOW: Rolfe began planting Nicotiana rustica, a form of tobacco that has between 18-20% more nicotine than the more common Nicotiana tabacum Tobacco Cultivation Tobacco had been introduced to Europe by Columbus Was very popular Provided a cash crop for the colony Cash crop: farm product grown to be sold & traded Relationship w/ Native Americans Major neighbors = Powhatan Relationship was tense at first Fighting was off-and-on Fort was built to protect the colony Fort at Jamestown (1609), Drawing by Pedro de Zuniga, a Spanish ambassador and spy.

From Algonquin Indians in the Tidewater region of Virginia The Powhatan Confederacy Empire had been formed by Chief Wahunsenacawh by 1607 Lived in a village on the James River ≈ 14,000 under his control Lived in wooden longhouses Agricultural moved during Spring (gather shellfish) and Fall (hunt) “Powhatan†Relationship w/ Native Americans April 1613 – Pocahontas captured Favorite daughter of Powhatan Hostage for 1 year Married John Rolfe = 4 years of peace Pocahontas and John Rolfe traveled to England in 1616 to attempt to gain more investors for the colony. She became sick and died in early 1617. After 1617: Continued warfare Powhatan had been permanently weakened Development of House of Burgesses First Representative Assembly in America Met July 30, 1619 in the church at Jamestown Purpose: Make laws for the colony Could be vetoed by the governor and/or company directors in London First instance of limited self-government in America Development of Slavery First slaves in colony: April 19, 1619 Sold from a Dutch warship Treated as indentured servants Indentured servants Would work for free for a set period of time (4-7 years) Not paid, but would receive some $ at end of time Freed at end of contract Who came to Virginia as an indentured servant?

Usually, young men and women in their late teens and 20’s Lack of opportunity at home Bacon’s Rebellion (1676) Issues in Virginia: Class conflict Hatred of natives Thirst for land / glory / gold Led by Nathaniel Bacon Asked Gov. William Berkeley for permission to attack a group of natives Berkeley refused, Bacon attacked anyway Indentured servants/slaves had been treated poorly From past attacks Natives controlled much land that could be exploited Bacon’s Rebellion (1676) Gov. Berkeley ordered Bacon to stop attacking the natives He refused, marched on Jamestown and burned it to the ground on Sept. 19,1676 “Bacon’s Castle†The home of Arthur Allen (a member of the House of Burgesses) Seized by Bacon’s followers and fortified English had taken over slave trade No economic benefit to indentured servants Easier to control Bacon’s Rebellion (1676) Nathaniel Bacon died of dysentery on October 26, 1676 Rebellion disappeared shortly after Significance: Move away from indentured servants towards slaves 1,100 troops from England arrived at about the same time… Why?

Now, Race-based servitude Leads To Development of Slavery Due to: British slave trade monopoly $ $ $ Bacon’s Rebellion How was the labor problem in Virginia solved? "top heavy society": few people that knew how to farm or work "starving time": nobody works nobody eats, little to no women tobacco: saves Jamestown head right system: encouraging settlement by promising land indentured servants: men or young children who work off their passage pay, would run away a lot, resistant to doing what they were told, free labor 5-7 years, land promised not always given House of Burgesses: form of government controlled by the elite, laws made harmed indentured servant Backlash between "small men" and big planters/land owners Bacons Rebellion, 1676: conflict with native Americans, Nathaniel Bacon, wealthy planter, government of Virginia is too lenient on natives, attack friendly Indian village and kill 14 native American's so governor has Bacon arrested but is pretty lenient and gives pardon to decrease tensions, small planters align with him against large planters and native American's, run governor out of Virginia, burns up parts of Jamestown, attack large land owners October 1676 Bacon dies, rebellion dies with him Chattel slavery: slavery for life, developed after Bacons rebellion, slaves seen as property, No rights, Africans, children born into slavery Development of the Southern Colonies Carolina Charter issued in 1663 In return for political support Capital at Charles Town = Charleston, SC Eventually separated into North Carolina and South Carolina Became royal colonies in 1729 Founded for profit Royal Colony: Colony governed directly by the king & Parliament.

Georgia Founded 1733 Purpose: Buffer colony between Spanish Florida and Carolina Refuge for criminals, poor Goal of King Goal of Founders CAROLINA FLORIDA Georgia Goal: Colony with no large landowners, rum, slaves “and the example of a whole Colony, who shall behave in a just, moral, and religious manner, will contribute greatly towards the conversion of the Indians†- Some Account of the Designs of the Trustees for Establishing the Colony of Georgia in America Settlement of New England The settlement of New England; include religious reasons, relations with Native Americans (e.g., King Phillip’s War), the establishment of town meetings and development of a legislature, religious tensions that led to the founding of Rhode Island, the half-way covenant, Salem Witch Trials, and the loss of the Massachusetts charter and the transition to a royal colony.

New England Colonies Massachusetts Bay (1620) New Hampshire (1629) Rhode Island & Providence Plantations (1636) Connecticut (1640) Religious Reasons for Settlement Pilgrims founded Plymouth Colony (1620) Religious separatists Sought freedom to practice their brand of Christianity Mayflower, Squanto, Plymouth Rock, etc. Puritans quickly followed Wanted to “purify†Church of England i.e. get rid of all Catholic-like observances Difference: Pilgrims wanted to leave Church of England Religious Reasons for Settlement Puritan Rule Used government to enforce religious beliefs Must be a church member to participate in gov’t Caused division: Anne Hutchison & Roger Williams – Rhode Island Thomas Hooker – Connecticut Relations with Native Americans Began peacefully, but tensions began to mount Why?

More settlers = more territory More territory = more pressure on Native Americans Disease Conversion to Christianity King Philip’s War Tensions increase Murder of a Native American convert to Christianity by the Wampanoag tribe. Why? Response: Warned Massachusetts Bay of attack Natives attack frontier towns King Philip’s War Results: Native Americans defeated All of New England open for English colonization The beginning of the development of a greater American identity. The trials and tribulations suffered by the colonists gave them a group identity separate and distinct from subjects of the English Crown Establishment of Town Meetings Developed out of Puritan church meetings Direct democracy Development of Legislatures Gradually developed out of town meeting structures Colonies were basically self-governing England was occupied Colonies elected their own leaders Generally ignored laws from England they didn’t like (i.e.

Navigation Acts) Religious Tensions Roger Williams banished from Mass. Bay (1636) Why? Sheltered by Native Americans, founded new colony of “Providence Plantations†1636 Founding of Rhode Island Preached separation of church and state and better treatment of Native Americans Religious Tensions Anne Hutchinson banished from Mass. Bay (1637) Why? Established Portsmouth, RI 1638 Founding of Rhode Island Theological differences (Works v.

Grace) Status of women Founding of Rhode Island 1644 – granted charter Notable for: Religious tolerance Good relations w/ Native Americans Progressive laws (Slavery, debtors prisons, etc. Founding of Connecticut Thomas Hooker Took 100 settlers and founded Hartford Left Mass. Bay over voting rights dispute Fundamental Order of Connecticut January 24th, 1639 First written Constitution in America Believed that all free men should be able to vote, not just church members Half-Way Covenant Issues within Massachusetts Bay Church membership declining Solution: Half-Way Covenant Result: Puritans maintain political control Salem Witch Trials June-September killed on charges of witchcraft Hundreds of others arrested Accusations made because of property disputes, religious disagreements DID YOU KNOW: 19 of the 20 were hung, while one man was crushed to death under rocks for refusing to go to trial for witchcraft.

Massachusetts’ Transition to Royal Colony Dominion of New England () Union of Mass. Bay, Plymouth, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Haven, New York, New Jersey Sir Edmund Andros Promoted Church of England/ (religious freedom) Banned town meetings Revoked some land grants Raised taxes Massachusetts’ Transition to Royal Colony Reaction to Andros Andros appointed by King James II Glorious Revolution (1689) End of the Dominion of New England Massachusetts becomes a royal colony Union of Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Maine Legislatures are reappointed/written constitutions honored again Development of Mid-Atlantic Colonies c. Explain the development of the mid-Atlantic colonies; include the Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam and subsequent English takeover, and the settlement of Pennsylvania.

Dutch Settlement of New Amsterdam Claimed: Henry Hudson - 1609 Dutch West India Company Founded (1621): Forts at Manhattan Island and Long Island, Fort Orange (Albany) & Fort Nassau on Delaware R. Peter Minuit () Director-General of New Netherland Bought Manhattan Is. from natives for .00 Peter Stuyvesant () Director-General of New Netherland Conquered New Sweden (Delaware) Defeated by the British Dutch Settlement of New Amsterdam English Takeover of New Amsterdam 1664 – Four English warships sailing for the Duke of York enter into New Amsterdam and demanded it accept English rule. Duke of York gets his authority from King James II New York becomes a royal colony Settlement of Pennsylvania Colony granted by King Charles II to William Penn as repayment for a debt 1681 Purpose: safe haven for Quakers Philadelphia – planned city, made on a grid, center of trade, second-largest English-speaking city of the Empire The “Holy Experiment†The French in Canada d.

Explain the reasons for French settlement of Quebec. Quebec Founded 1608 By Samuel de Champlain Main purpose of French colonization: Controlling the fur trade Fishing/Whaling How? Control Mississippi River, Canada Differences: less people, more emphasis of relationship w/ Native Americans Samuel de Champlain Quebec Problems: Low population Why? 1700s Mercantilism and Not Free Trade Protectionist Legislation Over the Colonies, Tax by Regulating Trade The Navigation Acts (1651, 1660, 1663) The Wool Act (1699) The Hat Act (1732) The Molasses Act (1733) The Iron Act (1750) Prohibitions Against Issuing Paper Money Prohibitions Against Smuggling and Trade Restricting Power of the Colonial Officials Issuing Search Warrants and Establishing Customs Officials The Whole British Empire before the American Revolution: The Structure of British Government (~1700s) Constitutional Monarchy of Parliament (House of Lords, House of Commons) and a Sovereign (Privy Council, Board of Trade) Colonial Legislatures and the Concept of Virtual Representation Colonies cannot appoint governors or councilmen, try royal subjects, obtain a jury of peers, or vote on British laws British Mercantilism and the Problem of Colonial Smuggling Example of Molasses from Haiti for Rum Distilleries in the American Colonies The French & Indian War or Seven Years’ War (before) The French & Indian War or Seven Years’ War (after) Significance?

The Proclamation of 1763, Training for the Colonists, Loss of Indian & French Power, new British Debt History 100-45 History of the United States to 1877 Fall 2020 Open-Book Mid-Term Exam Readings covered: The American Yawp, Chapters 1-7 This is an open-book examination, covering all of the material we have covered in the textbook. Your exam must be turned in by THURSDAY, OCTOBER 22nd at 10:59pm (ONLINE) . Be sure to have a clear argument that you defend with relevant evidence. Organize your paper with a logical structure and use clear topic sentences and transitions to help your reader understand the logic of your organization. Edit your paper thoroughly to avoid errors and to improve readability.

Grading criteria: · Argument: 25% Does your paper have a clear, singular, specific argument that answers the question? · Evidence: 25% Do you use all of the relevant evidence from the textbook and PowerPoints to defend your argument? · Organization: 25% Does your paper have a logical structure and use clear topic sentences and transitions? · Clarity: 25% Is your prose efficient, crisp and polished, free of excessive passive voice or distracting spelling or grammatical errors? your essays should be about 3 pages . Students are expected to refer to the literature that we have read for the exam. All direct references to the literature must be properly cited (in MLA format). Please DO NOT use materials from the Internet without clear identification of the source.

Copying of texts from the Internet is considered plagiarism, (I have caught a number of students doing this), you will receive an F for your exam if you do so. Essay Questions: Answer following essay questions. You must address completely all aspects of the question asked. Your responses must be based on the relevant reading The American Yawp, Chapters 1-7 . The goal is to demonstrate that you have read the assigned material and understand key concepts.

Remember to use specific evidence and/or examples to support your arguments. Opinions without evidence, however interesting, are not sufficient. 1. How was the institution of slavery established in the American colonies? How did the American Revolution impact slavery?

Paper for above instructions

The Establishment of Slavery in the American Colonies and its Impact Due to the American Revolution

The establishment of slavery within the American colonies traces its roots back to the early 17th century and was heavily influenced by economic, social, and legal factors. This institution underwent significant transformation throughout the colonial period, permeating various aspects of life and becoming an essential backbone of the emerging American economy, particularly in the Southern colonies. The American Revolution (1775-1783) paradoxically influenced slavery, as the ideals espoused during the struggle for independence prompted increased scrutiny and debate about the morality and practicality of slavery.

The Early Development of Slavery

Economic Foundations

Initially, the introduction of slavery to the American colonies can be attributed primarily to economic exigencies. The Virginia Company, founded in 1606, was instrumental in establishing the Jamestown settlement in 1607. The colony faced severe labor shortages due to high mortality rates, poor agricultural conditions, and the inability to attract sufficient voluntary immigrants (Najera). Consequently, the Virginia Company shifted towards using enslaved labor as a solution to their economic woes (Morgan, 1975).
The burgeoning cash crop economy, particularly dependent on tobacco cultivation, provided a solid basis for the expansion of slavery. John Rolfe’s successful cultivation of tobacco for export beginning in 1612 not only secured Jamestown’s economic viability but also set a precedent for large plantation agriculture in Virginia and the southern colonies (Patterson, 1990). The demand for labor grew significantly, leading to the importation of African slaves as a more permanent and economically beneficial solution than indentured servitude.

Legal Framework and Racial Dynamics

By the late 17th century, several colonies began to codify laws that entrenched slavery as a legally sanctioned institution. Virginia's 1705 legislation formalized the status of enslaved individuals as property, stripping them of rights and defining them as chattel slavery (Davis, 1982). Such regulations set a legal precedent that would spread throughout other colonies, establishing a race-based system of labor. The legal classification of enslaved Africans created a permanent underclass and set the foundation for systemic racism that would persist for centuries.
Relations between European settlers and Native Americans further complicated the emergence of slavery. Initial contact with indigenous populations offered possibilities for trade and mutual benefit; however, tensions soon arose, leading to violent conflicts and the catastrophic decline of Native American populations. As the European presence expanded, settlers increasingly viewed Africans as the preferred labor source, marking a transition from Native American enslavement to African chattel slavery as a dominant economic model (Berlin, 2003).

The Role of African Slaves

The arrival of African slaves in 1619 marked the transition to a slavery-based economy. Historically, enslaved individuals often endured brutal conditions with little recourse. They were forced into labor, subjected to violence, and deprived of basic human rights. Yet, despite these adversities, enslaved Africans contributed significantly to the cultural and economic fabric of the colonies, shaping industries ranging from agriculture to craftsmanship (Holt, 1992). The distinct cultural identities formed in the midst of oppression laid the groundwork for future generations, influencing American culture.

The American Revolution's Impact on Slavery

The American Revolution was pivotal in reshaping perceptions of slavery. The rhetoric of freedom and liberty propagated by revolutionary leaders began to challenge existing norms. The Declaration of Independence articulated a powerful contradiction in declaring that “all men are created equal” while maintaining slavery (Wood, 1992). This deep ideological inconsistency provoked discussions about the compatibility of slavery with the ideals of democracy.

Revolutionary Outcomes for Slavery

While the Revolution did not abolish slavery, it incited a gradual movement toward emancipation in the Northern states, where the economy was less reliant on slave labor. In the aftermath of the war, states like Pennsylvania enacted gradual emancipation laws. The creation of the Ohio River as a geographic and ideological boundary further delineated free and slave states (McManus, 1966). Nonetheless, the Southern states, still dependent on slave labor for their agrarian economies, faced heightened tensions; the demand for cotton created an insatiable need for enslaved laborers, particularly after the invention of the cotton gin (Whitney, 1999).
Additionally, the rhetoric of the Revolution inspired enslaved individuals to resist their bondage. Many took up arms, fighting for both the British and American causes, hoping that freedom would come from either side (Davis, 1982). Slave revolts, like Gabriel's Rebellion in 1800, directly influenced discussions around slavery, highlighting the growing unrest and desire for freedom among enslaved populations (Davis, 1982).

Conclusion

In conclusion, the institution of slavery in the American colonies was firmly established through economic necessity, evolving legal frameworks, and complex social dynamics. The ramifications of the American Revolution fundamentally altered the landscape of slavery in the emerging nation. While it catalyzed a somber reflection on democratic ideals versus the reality of enslavement, the Revolution's aftermath did not abolish slavery. Instead, it raised critical questions about freedom and humanity that would continue to resonate in the years leading to the Civil War and beyond. Ultimately, slavery’s legacy, deeply woven into the historical narrative of America, remains a profound reminder of the complexities underlying this nation's quest for identity.

References

- Berlin, I. (2003). Generations of Captivity: A History of African-American Slaves. Belknap Press.
- Davis, A. Y. (1982). Women, Race & Class. Random House.
- Holt, T. C. (1992). AA Slaves: A History of African American Slavery. Blackwell Publishers.
- McManus, J. (1966). A History of Slavery in America. The University of Chicago Press.
- Morgan, E. S. (1975). American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia. W. W. Norton & Company.
- Najera, F. J. (2023). Patterns of European Colonization in the New World. [Course Text].
- Patterson, O. (1990). Slavery and Social Death: A Comparative Study. Harvard University Press.
- Whitney, C. (1999). Cotton and Race: A History of Racial Ideology in American Society. Yale University Press.
- Wood, G. S. (1992). The Radicalism of the American Revolution. Vintage Books.
- Zinn, H. (2003). A People's History of the United States. HarperCollins.