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CASE STUDY 7 CASE STUDY Name Institutions Course Date Executive summary The aim of this case is to investigate various policies relating as well as controlling the usage of toxic industrial materials that entails industrial chemicals, Toxic industrial radiations and toxic industrial biological. Through compiling various case studies, laws and regulation, and on top to my individual skills I wish to train the average man on the hazards and protection s varied controlling bodies applying to mitigate harm to humans and the environment. Through this case study, people will have sufficient understanding of policies protecting them as well as how they are secured and why are secured or why they are not secured.

The field of research bases on Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA). This is in relation to Rachel Carson’s Elixir of Death in Silent spring (1962). At the start of 1962, Carson demonstrated that the introduction of toxic material into the surrounding is so extremely that they plaque all corners of life irrespective of the person. The policy enacted by the TSCA first controlled the introduction of new or the regulation of already prevailing chemicals. There is given videos below which will give brief and detailed sum up of TSCA and the future compensation for TCSA.

By usage of facts and prove materials, we will determine the advantages and achievement connected to TSCA beside shortcoming of TSCA. Findings The research found that participation in the environment contributed to market failure in the ways beyond the control of people entailing free ride matters and the tragedy of commons. Externality is entailed since it takes place when an industry produces toxic wastes which discharged into the environment hence contamination the environment. The cost of such action is paid through the society at large when they demanded to clean up the environment and it’s external to the expense of the polluter. The free rider problems comes in when private marginal cost of engaging into to the activity to secure the environment is higher compared to the private marginal benefits.

The tragedy of use common is the condition since no one owns the public good and has an incentives to use common resources as much as possible. Discussion Regardless of various environmental success, advances and innovations researchers of environmental law in positive have failed to mentioned and take the twin ubiquity of wastes as phenomenon constructing man or woman and collective behavioral collection on a global scale and the every materiality of toxic materials. It includes a primary surrounding recognition, waste remains exceptionally peripheral in considering worldwide attorneys and in international lawful files. Over the past years, there has been drafting and conclusion of various specialized conventions centered at lowering the international manufacturing and the circulate of waste.

Even though the growing range of conventions and international governance mechanism has not been correlate with worldwide reduction of waste production and switch. Current forecasts predicts improved degrees of international production and the outcome increase of trans- border waste go with the flow. In precise, the global boom of waste economic system opposite numbers the strengthening and the densification of the global environmental lawful apparatus supposed to govern and mitigate waste production and flows. In this example, the paradox is lifted while we remember worldwide environmental law as a hard and fast of formal and casual set mechanism designed to arrange and facilitate the manufacturing and reintegration of waste into worldwide circuits.

Worldwide environmental regulation is waste in a where has grew to become an international commodity. With this, the notion could be of significance to my destiny venture and help in accomplishing my investigation on the distinct guidelines both local and overseas relating to and controlling using poisonous industrial materials (Oak & Lee, 2017). Conclusion Various international environment policies has been implemented in order to regulate environmental toxic industrial materials from being dumped into the environment to pollute it. The policy enacted by the TSCA first controlled the introduction of new or the regulation of already prevailing chemicals. There is given videos below which will give brief and detailed sum up of TSCA and the future compensation for TCSA.

By usage of facts and prove materials, there was determination of advantages and achievement connected to TSCA beside shortcoming of TSCA. Recommendations One recommendations bases on how people are affected and how they can secure themselves from, toxic industrial chemicals. When exposed to any toxic industrial chemical attack, get away from the affected area quickly without passing through contaminated location when possible. Effective way of protecting yourself from toxic industrial chemicals is to wear suitable chemical protective clothing and respiratory protection. This is determined through the materials of construction, the sort and rate of exposure and period of exposure.

Whenever exposed to the toxic industrial materials like chemicals, consult with your doctor immediately. Individual contamination can be undertaken through eradicating contaminated clothing and washing out the expose part of your body with soap and water (Kostoff et al.2020). Federal government as well makes some recommendations to secure human being from toxic industrial chemicals. OSHA has put in place occupational exposure levels for employment exposure of workers to various toxic industrial chemicals. Additionally, the U.S Environmental protection agencies is recommending Acute Exposure Guidelines Levels that explains the danger to human leading from short term exposure to chemicals.

Additional companies are the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health. Implementations During any chemical release, health facilities should have a health and safety plan set that handles the likelihood of getting a patient exposed to blister agents from any sort of terrorist event. The health professionals should have appropriate gloves and respiratory protection and then eradicate contaminated clothes from the victims as well wash their affected body with water and soaps. Furthermore, the pollution prevention Act (P2 Act) that quotes that, the environmental Protection Agency has to start a source reduction program which gathers and disseminates data, gives financial help to States and applies other activities need to be put in place when it comes to Toxic Industrial Chemicals.

There are chances for industry to lower or even prevent pollution at the source through cost-effective changes in production, operation, and raw materials. The chances for reduction of pollutants from industries need to comply with and base on treatment and disposal instead of source reduction. Sources reduction is considered as essentially varied and more desirable compared to waste management and pollution regulation. Another essential implementation required can be from the National pollution prevention policy. It states that pollutants should be reduced at the sources whenever feasible.

The disposal should be treated in a surrounding since they cannot be recycled in order to make them safe. Thus, the release into the surrounding should be used as a last resort and conducted in an environmental safe way. References Kostoff, R. N., Aschner, M., Goumenou, M., & Tsatsakis, A. (2020). Setting safer exposure limits for toxic substance combinations.

Food and Chemical Toxicology , 140 , 111346. Oak, Y. S., & Lee, Y. S. (2017). A study on improvement of legal system for harmful chemical substance response management system.

Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society , 18 (4), . Dahlia West 4 Dahlia West Dr. Irene Kokkala ENVS 2202 8BG Environmental Science March 23, 2021 International Environmental Policy Relating to TIMs The topic of my choice in my proposal project will be based on International Environmental Policy Relating to Toxic Industrial Materials (TIMs). The aim of this project proposal is to investigate the different policies both local and abroad relating to and controlling the use of toxic industrial materials to entail Toxic industrial chemicals, Toxic industrial radiations and toxic industrial biological. Through compiling various case studies, laws and regulation, and on top to my individual skills I wish to train the average man on the hazards and protection s varied controlling bodies applying to mitigate harm to humans and the environment.

By this project, people will have sufficient understanding of policies protecting them as well as how they are secured and why are secured or why they are not secured. The topic my choice bases on Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA). This is in relation to Rachel Carson’s Elixir of Death in Silent spring (1962). At the start of 1962, Carson demonstrated that the introduction of toxic material into the surrounding is so extremely that they plaque all corners of life irrespective of the person. The policy enacted by the TSCA first controlled the introduction of new or the regulation of already prevailing chemicals.

There is given videos below which will give brief and detailed sum up of TSCA and the future compensation for TCSA. By usage of facts and prove materials, we will determine the advantages and achievement connected to TSCA beside shortcoming of TSCA. Materials will be arranged through introducing TSCA. This will advance on how and why the U.S Government reached the confirmed TSCA in 1962. Prove of certain incidents and happenings will be compared and evaluated over TSCA.

Instances range from the Love Canal, Hinkley Ground Water Contamination and Agenet Orange Exposure. For these subsections, it is essential and imperative that we determine the incident, time schedule, indemnities (health, environment, financial, and other.) For instance, according to Love Canal, the subsection would determine the area of occurrence and what incident it was. The Love canal was taken as a dumping site for harmful wastes. This can be expounding to additionally determine the damages. Destructions can be anything to entail tangible loss to theoretical, hypothetical or other sort of loss confirming the danger and toxicity of the materials.

Furthermore, an analysis will be undertaken using discussion and materials learnt via Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring. The usage of Rachel Carbon Silent Spring and her surrounding ethics we will introduce TSCA whole circle. Through that, we show chances an advance options or resolutions for toxins in the surrounding. Precisely, we will re-determine case study instance and aligning resolutions. Through effective understanding of the materials, recent abilities and restrictions, paired with historical prove, we can explain the unwavering demand for TSCA in varied ways to secure individuals and the surrounding.

Rationale The reason for involvement in the environment is always contributed to market failure in the ways of beyond the regulation of an individual entailing free ride issues and the tragedy of commons. An instance of externality is when an industry produces toxic wastes products which may be discharged into the surrounding, eventually contaminating environment. The expense of such activities which may be discharged into the environment is paid by community at large when they demanded to clean the surrounding and it’s external to the expense of the polluter. The free rider challenges takes place when private marginal expense of undertaking an action to secure the surrounding is higher compared to the private marginal advantage, however the social marginal expense is less compared to the social marginal advantages.

The tragedy of the commons is the situation that, due to no one owns the commons everybody has an incentive to use common resources as much as possible. Without involvement the commons is overused. Importance of study However, despite various environmental success, advances and innovations researchers of environmental law in certain have failed to acknowledged and take the dual ubiquity of wastes as phenomenon constructing individual and collective behavioral series on an international scale and the every materiality of toxic substances. It entails a primary surrounding focus, waste remains relatively peripheral in thinking of global lawyers and in global lawful documents. Over the last years, there has been drafting and conclusion of various specialized conventions targeted at lowering the international production and the circulation of waste.

Though the growing number of conventions and international governance mechanism has not been correlate with international reduction of waste production and transfer. Current forecasts predicts increased levels of international production and the outcome increase of trans- border waste flow. In summary, the international growth of waste economy counterparts the strengthening and the densification of the global environmental lawful apparatus meant to control and mitigate waste production and flows. In this case, the paradox is lifted when we consider global environmental law as a set of formal and informal set mechanism designed to arrange and facilitate the production and reintegration of waste into international circuits.

International environmental law is waste in a where has turned an international commodity. With this, the proposal will be of importance to my future project and help in achieving my investigation on the different policies both local and abroad relating to and controlling the use of toxic industrial materials. Work Cited Video Works Written Works ? hl=en&lr=&id=3mJ4UHd0CjgC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=case+study+on+toxic+industrial+chemi cals&ots=GWjS7Pi8np&sig=5PhOlAtpeM95BBFSmHQ38-3aEqU#v=onepage&q&f=false ZyActionD=ZyDocument&Client=EPA&Index=1981+Thru+1985&Docs=&Query=&Time=&E ndTime=&SearchMethod=1&TocRestrict=n&Toc=&TocEntry=&QField=&QFieldYear=&QFiel dMonth=&QFieldDay=&IntQFieldOp=0&ExtQFieldOp=0&XmlQuery=&File=D%3A %5Czyfiles%5CIndex%20Data%5C81thru85%5CTxt %5C%5C9100V79E.txt&User=ANONYMOUS&Password=anonymous&SortMethod =h%7C- &MaximumDocuments=1&FuzzyDegree=0&ImageQuality=r75g8/r75g8/x150y150g16/i425&D isplay=hpfr&DefSeekPage=x&SearchBack=ZyActionL&Back=ZyActionS&BackDesc=Results %20page&MaximumPages=1&ZyEntry=1&SeekPage=x&ZyPURL Case Study – Hinkley Case Study – Love Canal handle=hein.journals/epajrnl5&div=10&id=&page= Case Study – Agent Orange Exposure

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Case Study: International Environmental Policy Relating to Toxic Industrial Materials (TIMs)

Executive Summary

This case study focuses on investigating various policies concerning the regulation and control of toxic industrial materials (TIMs), including toxic industrial chemicals, radiation, and biological substances. It draws upon crucial legislation, particularly the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), and historical references such as Rachel Carson's seminal work "Silent Spring" (1962), to showcase the dire consequences of unchecked chemical usage. The study aims to raise awareness and educate individuals about existing policies designed to safeguard human health and environmental integrity from toxic substances.

Background and Rationale

Toxic materials, as outlined by Carson, have pervaded all aspects of life, leading to health and environmental degradation. The TSCA epitomizes legislative efforts to manage the use of toxic substances effectively. It aims to evaluate chemicals before they enter the market and regulate existing chemicals based on their potential risks (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency [EPA], 2023). However, despite regulatory frameworks like TSCA, incidents such as the Love Canal and Hinkley groundwater contamination expose significant flaws in existing policies.
Market failures related to environmental degradation often arise from the tragedy of the commons and free rider issues (Ostrom, 1990). Industries frequently externalize costs associated with toxic waste disposal, leaving society to shoulder the burden of clean-up (Coase, 1960). This case study investigates these failures and the implications they carry for environmental health and policy efficacy.

Findings

Research highlights the duality of industrial waste issues and the inadequacies of current environmental regulations. Although numerous international treaties have been drafted to limit waste production, these initiatives often fail to curb the rising tide of industrial waste (McElroy & Van Slyke, 2018). The global economy often exploits weak regulatory frameworks, allowing TIMs to flow across borders unchecked, exacerbating environmental harm (Kahn, 2017).
Case studies such as Love Canal and the Hinkley groundwater contamination illustrate the catastrophic outcomes of lax regulatory oversight. In Love Canal, toxic wastes buried beneath a community led to health crises, while the Hinkley case centered around groundwater contamination from chromium compounds used by Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E), affecting thousands of residents (Gibbs, 2019).
Nevertheless, the TSCA provides a critical legal framework for regulating toxic substances. Improvements have been made over the years, but loopholes remain, especially concerning existing chemicals already in use.

Discussion

An essential part of addressing these challenges revolves around educating the public about existing protections. Through better awareness of TSCA and recommended practices for dealing with toxic exposures, individuals can mitigate risks. Recommendations include avoiding contaminated areas following a release and adopting protective clothing for industrial workers (Kostoff et al., 2020).
The concept of pollution prevention is crucial. The Pollution Prevention Act (1990) urges businesses to minimize waste at the source, emphasizing that proactive measures often yield better environmental outcomes compared to reactive waste management strategies (EPA, 2023).

Recommendations

1. Public Education Campaigns: Inform individuals about the dangers of toxic industrial materials, highlighting the symptoms and immediate actions to take if exposed (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health [NIOSH], 2022).
2. Strengthen TSCA Regulations: Advocate for continuous reassessment of existing chemicals, ensuring that companies provide accurate data on chemical risks (EPA, 2023).
3. Pollution Prevention Plans: Encourage industries to develop and implement pollution prevention plans aimed at reducing waste generation before it occurs (Kostoff et al., 2020).
4. Research and Invest in Safe Alternatives: Promote and fund research initiatives focused on developing safe, non-toxic alternatives to commonly used hazardous materials (McElroy & Van Slyke, 2018).
5. International Cooperation: Work towards aligning international environmental regulations to prevent trans-border waste and ensure responsible chemical management globally (Kahn, 2017).

Implementation

For health facilities and emergency responders, implementing a health and safety plan that includes proper protective gear and decontamination protocols is crucial. Community health professionals must be equipped and trained to handle chemical exposure incidents effectively (NIOSH, 2022).
The importance of eliminating hazardous waste at the source rather than relying solely on corrective methods cannot be overstated (EPA, 2023). Furthermore, community involvement in environmental monitoring and protection efforts can foster a sense of responsibility and ownership in addressing pollution.

Conclusion

In conclusion, while international policies like the TSCA and related regulations form a foundation for managing toxic industrial materials, significant gaps remain. Continuous education, stronger enforcement of existing laws, pollution prevention strategies, and international cooperation are imperative to mitigate the health and environmental impacts of toxic materials. The future depends on a collective effort to integrate safety into all aspects of industrial practices.

References

1. Coase, R. H. (1960). The Problem of Social Cost. Journal of Law and Economics, 3, 1-44.
2. EPA. (2023). Toxic Substances Control Act. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved from [EPA website](https://www.epa.gov/tsca)
3. Gibbs, L. M. (2019). Love Canal: My Story. Albany: State University of New York Press.
4. Kahn, M. E. (2017). The Impact of Environmental Regulation on Competitiveness: Testing a New Model. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 17, 235-263.
5. Kostoff, R. N., Aschner, M., Goumenou, M., & Tsatsakis, A. (2020). Setting safer exposure limits for toxic substance combinations. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 140, 111346.
6. McElroy, J., & Van Slyke, S. (2018). Regulatory Impact Analysis: The Role of Information in Environmental Regulation. Regulatory Politics & Policy, 8(1), 20-44.
7. NIOSH. (2022). Emergency response to chemical releases. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Retrieved from [NIOSH website](https://www.cdc.gov/niosh)
8. Ostrom, E. (1990). Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Cambridge University Press.
9. Pollution Prevention Act of 1990. (1990). Public Law 101-508. U.S. Congress.
10. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2023). Pollution Prevention. Retrieved from [EPA website](https://www.epa.gov/p2)
This case study underscores the importance of a multi-faceted approach to managing toxic industrial materials, promoting public health, and safeguarding the environment for future generations.