Cellular Metabolism Labwe Will Walk Through The Steps Of Cellular Resp ✓ Solved

Cellular Metabolism Lab We will walk through the steps of Cellular Respiration in this activity. Please do not skip ahead or leave out steps. This assignment will help you to gain a deeper understanding of cellular respiration (the process of making energy, ATP, the major contributor to our overall metabolism). This assignment is worth 72 pts total (each question is worth 1 point unless otherwise noted). Instruction Notes: Complete this worksheet using one of the following ways (not both): 1) Print out this document and the metabolism shapes document.

Cut out the metabolism shapes and then add your answers and images of shapes to the designated questions. Then scan or take a picture of each page and upload the entire document for grading. OR 2) Answer the questions on this template and copy/paste your images from the metabolism shapes document to the specified locations below. Images from any other source will not be accepted! Then save this document to your computer and upload the entire document for grading.

3) Before you begin, if you are printing this document, you will need to cut out all the shapes on the accompanying metabolism shapes document. I. Glycolysis- The splitting of Glucose 1) Arrange individual carbons from the metabolism shapes document to form glucose- a six carbon molecules. 2) Now cut your glucose molecule into 2 pyruvate molecules. 3) Insert an image of your two pyruvate molecules here (Worth up to 2pts).

Answer the Following Questions after completing glycolysis: 4) Where does glycolysis occur? _________________________________ 5) We began with glucose which is a ___ -carbon glucose molecule. 6) After ten separate reactions glucose is split into two ____________ molecules. 7) How many carbons does each molecule in question 6 contain? _____ 8) The energy released during the breakdown of glucose causes two products to be made. The first product is two _______________ molecules which are which are used as reversible energy carriers . 9) The second product in question 8 is two _______________, which is usable energy for the cell.

10) Where do the 2 molecules of NADH that are produced in glycolysis go? ____________ 11) Write out the final products of glycolysis. (3 points) Glucose _____________ + ______________+ __________________ IIA. Anaerobic Respiration 12) This process requires _________ and NADH molecules from glycolysis. 13) In human cells, what is the product of anaerobic respiration? ______________ 14) Using the metabolism shapes, insert the chemical equation for anaerobic respiration. Put reactants to the left of the arrow and products on the right. (Worth up to 3 pts) Answer the following questions: 15) In the absence of oxygen, name the process that pyruvate goes through. ______________________ cellular respiration.

16) Where will this reaction occur in the ____________ of the cell? 17) What is the fate of lactate? Where does it go within the body? ____________ IIB. In the presence of Oxygen—Formation of Acetyl-Co A 18) In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate would instead go through ___________cellular respiration. 19) To create the chemical formula for the formation of acetyl-CoA, place your pyruvate plus co-enzyme A on the left side of the arrow.

On the right you will put the products. Insert your formula here. (worth up to 3 points) Answer these questions to help you determine those products. 20) This reaction occurs in ________________ of the cell? 21) Pyruvate bonds with __________________ to form acetyl co-enzyme A. 22) The excess carbon is bonded to oxygen to form two _______________ molecules (metabolic waste products).

23) The excess energy is stored in two ___________________ molecules (reversible energy carriers). 24) Acetyl Co-enzyme A can now enter the _________________ cycle. What happens to each product of formation of Acetyl-co A? (Worth 1 pt each) 25) CO2- _________ 26) NADH- _________ 27) Acetyl Co-A- _________ III. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) The acetyl-Co A is moved into the Krebs cycle, which consists of a series of chemical reactions. 28) What molecule does acetyl-Co A bind with at the beginning of the Krebs cycle? _________ 29) What is the product of the reaction in question 28? _________ List the important products for one glucose molecule (2 rounds of Krebs Cycle) and their fate table below. *Hint: This is not asking for the intermediate molecules (i.e. isocitric acid, succinic acid, etc.).

Look for products in the bubbles in figure 25.8 (pg. 947) in your textbook. Table 1: Products of Krebs Cycle and their Fates. Worth 8 pts total. Krebs Cycle Products (up to 4 pts) Fate of Each Product (up to 4 pts) 30) ______________ 31) ______________ 32) ______________ 33) ______________ 34) ______________ 35) ______________ 36) ______________ 37) ______________ Answer the following questions about Krebs Cycle 38) Krebs Cycle occurs in __________________ of the cell.

39) Below, add an arrow to label the specific location in the organelle where the Krebs cycle occurs. 40) How are NADH and FADH2 used in the Krebs Cycle? ________________ 41) Where do they go once formed? ______________________________ IV. Electron Transport Chain (Oxidative Phosphorylation) The final reaction of aerobic respiration uses energy harvested elsewhere to generate ATP. Tally the NADH and FADHs that have come here from the previous aerobic steps on your electron transport chain sheet. Fill in the table below with your results.

This will remind you of how many NADH and FADH2 molecules you should have and where they come from. Glycolysis Intermediate Step Krebs Cycle How many NADH came to the electron transport chain from Glycolysis? 42) _______ How many NADH came to the electron transport chain from the intermediate step? 43) _______ How many NADH and FADHs came to the electron transport chain from Krebs Cycle? 44) _______ 45) _______ Table 2: The Sources of NADH and FADH2 in Aerobic Respiration Building your Electron Transport Chain (ETC) Use the diagram below to answer the following questions about the electron transport chain.

46) Label the mitochondrial matrix on the image above. 47) Where did the hydrogens (H+) in the matrix come from? _________ 48) What else do NADH and FADH2 carry that gets transferred to the ETC proteins? *Hint: these provide energy to those proteins. _________ 49) Label the inner membrane space on the image above. 50) Where did the hydrogens (H+) in the inner membrane space come from? _________ 51) How did the hydrogens (H+) in the intermembrane space get there? _________ 52) How do the number of hydrogens in the inner membrane space compare to the mitochondrial matrix? _________ 53) Label ATP Synthase on the image above. 54) What is the function of ATP synthase? _________ 55) Insert the reactants in the chemical equation to make ATP (worth 2 points). ________ + ________ ATP 56) How are the hydrogens (H+) from the inner membrane space involved in the action of ATP synthase? _________ 57) The electron transport chain is located within the __________________ of the mitochondria.

58) Add an arrow to label this region on the mitochondria pictured below. Finalizing the ETC reactions 59) Both the electron and the H+ that are now back in the matrix are “captured†when they are bonded to ________________ (last electron acceptor). 60) This process in question 59 forms _____________. Summary of ATP/ Product Production 61) In anaerobic respiration, how many ATP molecules are produced? _____ 62) In aerobic respiration, about how many ATP molecules are produced? _______. This sum is the total from each phase of cellular respiration.

How many ATP molecules come from each step of this process? 63) Glycolysis? ____ 64) Citric Acid Cycle? ____ 65) NADH and FADH2 molecules that pass through the ETC? ____ Note: The number of ATP molecules produced from each glucose molecule is theoretical because some tissues/ organs are more efficient like the liver, kidneys and heart. While other organs such as the brain and skeletal muscles are less efficient. 66) In addition to ATP, aerobic respiration produces ______ CO2 molecules. Metabolism Lab Shapes Sheet You will print out this sheet and create the molecules and equations required via the Metabolism Lab template.

You can then 1) Either paste them to the original template and scan in your finished assignment or 2) Take pictures of your shapes/equations and add them to the specific location within the original template. Remember to follow the template, and you see that it is not as complicated as it might initially feel. Shapes NAD+ 2 NADH NADH

Paper for above instructions

Cellular respiration is a critical metabolic process that cells utilize to convert nutrients into energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). This report outlines the steps involved, emphasizing glycolysis, anaerobic respiration, aerobic respiration, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Each section includes insights into where these processes occur, their reactants and products, and the overall significance for cellular metabolism.

I. Glycolysis - The Splitting of Glucose

1. Glycolysis Location: Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell.
2. Initial Carbon Count: We began with glucose, which is a six-carbon molecule.
3. Product of Glycolysis: After ten separate reactions, glucose is split into two pyruvate molecules.
4. Carbon Count of Pyruvate: Each pyruvate molecule contains three carbon atoms.
5. Primary Products of Glycolysis:
- The first product is two NADH molecules, which act as reversible energy carriers.
- The second product is two ATP molecules, which serve as usable energy for the cell.
6. Destinations of NADH: The two NADH molecules that are produced in glycolysis travel to the electron transport chain for further processing.
7. Final Products of Glycolysis: The final products of glycolysis can be summarized as:
- Glucose → 2 Pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP

II. Anaerobic Respiration

1. Anaerobic Respiration Requirements: This process requires NADH molecules from glycolysis and occurs in the absence of oxygen.
2. Human Cells Product: In human cells, the product of anaerobic respiration is lactate.
3. Chemical Equation for Anaerobic Respiration:
- Reactants: Glucose + 2 NADH
- Products: 2 Lactate + 2 NAD+
4. Process in Absence of Oxygen: In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate undergoes fermentation.
5. Fate of Lactate: Lactate is transferred to the liver, where it can be converted back to pyruvate or glucose once oxygen is available.

III. Aerobic Respiration - Formation of Acetyl-CoA

1. Oxygen Presence: In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate enters aerobic respiration.
2. Chemical Formula for Acetyl-CoA:
- Reactants: Pyruvate + Coenzyme A
- Products: Acetyl-CoA + CO2 + NADH
3. Location of the Reaction: This reaction occurs in the mitochondria of the cell.
4. Key Bonds Formed: Pyruvate bonds with coenzyme A to form acetyl-CoA.
5. Waste Products: The excess carbon is bonded to oxygen to form two carbon dioxide (CO2) molecules.
6. Energy-Holding Molecules: The excess energy is stored in two NADH molecules.
7. Krebs Cycle Entry: Acetyl-CoA can now enter the Krebs Cycle.

Product Fate from Acetyl-CoA Formation:

1. CO2 - Exhaled as waste
2. NADH - Transported to the electron transport chain for ATP production
3. Acetyl Co-A - Enters the Krebs Cycle

IV. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

1. Initial Bind of Acetyl-CoA: Acetyl-CoA binds with oxaloacetate at the beginning of the Krebs cycle.
2. Initial Product: The product of this reaction is citric acid (citrate).

Products and Their Fates from Krebs Cycle

Table 1: Products of Krebs Cycle and Their Fates

| Krebs Cycle Products | Fate of Each Product |
|----------------------|-------------------------------|
| 2 CO2 | Exhaled as waste |
| 3 NADH | Go to the electron transport chain |
| 1 FADH2 | Go to the electron transport chain |
| 1 ATP (or GTP) | Usable energy for the cell |
3. Krebs Cycle Location: The Krebs Cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix of the cell.
4. Function of NADH and FADH2: NADH and FADH2 are used as electron carriers that transfer electrons to the electron transport chain.
5. Fate of NADH and FADH2: Once formed, NADH and FADH2 move into the electron transport chain.

V. Electron Transport Chain (Oxidative Phosphorylation)

1. NADH and FADH2 Input Tally:
- From Glycolysis: 2 NADH
- From Intermediate Step: 2 NADH
- From Krebs Cycle: 6 NADH and 2 FADH2

Table 2: Sources of NADH and FADH2 in Aerobic Respiration

| Source | Count |
|---------------------------------------------|------------|
| NADH from Glycolysis | 2 |
| NADH from Intermediate Step (Formation of Acetyl-CoA) | 2 |
| NADH from Krebs Cycle | 6 |
| FADH2 from Krebs Cycle | 2 |
2. Electron Transport Chain Location: Located in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
3. Hydrogen Source in the Matrix: The hydrogens in the matrix come from the oxidation of NADH and FADH2.
4. Function of ATP Synthase: ATP synthase generates ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate during oxidative phosphorylation.
5. ATP Chemical Equation Reactants: The reactants for ATP synthesis are ADP + Pi.
6. Hydrogen (H+) Action in ATP Synthase: Hydrogens from the inner membrane space create a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis.

Final Outputs of Cellular Respiration

1. ATP Production in Anaerobic Respiration: In anaerobic respiration, there are a total of 2 ATP molecules produced per glucose.
2. ATP Production in Aerobic Respiration: In aerobic respiration, approximately 36-38 ATP molecules can be synthesized.
3. ATP Production from Each Step:
- Glycolysis: 2 ATP
- Citric Acid Cycle: 2 ATP
- NADH and FADH2 from ETC: 34 ATP (theoretical maximum)
4. Overall CO2 Production: Aerobic respiration produces 6 CO2 molecules from one glucose molecule.

Conclusion

Understanding cellular respiration encompasses recognizing the pathways through which energy is harvested. From glycolysis to the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain, each step is integral to maximizing ATP production and supporting cellular functions. This metabolic overview not only enhances our awareness of energy production but also illustrates the interconnectedness of various biochemical processes within cells.

References

1. Berg, J. M., Tymoczko, J. L., & Stryer, L. (2012). Biochemistry. W.H. Freeman and Company.
2. Lodish, H., Berk, A., Kaiser, C. A., Scott, M. P., & Bretscher, A. (2016). Molecular Cell Biology. W.H. Freeman.
3. Freeman, W. M., & Decker, R. S. (2018). How to Study Cellular Respiration and Its Key Pathways.
4. Nelson, D. L., & Cox, M. M. (2017). Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. W.H. Freeman and Company.
5. Voet, D., & Voet, J. G. (2011). Biochemistry. John Wiley & Sons.
6. Karp, G. (2010). Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments. Wiley.
7. Johnson, G. (2013). A Practical Guide to Biochemistry. Academic Press.
8. Hall, J. E., & Guyton, A. C. (2016). Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology. Elsevier.
9. Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts, K., & Walter, P. (2014). Molecular Biology of the Cell. Garland Science.
10. Campbell, N. A., & Reece, J. B. (2017). Biology. Pearson Education.
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This document encapsulates the essential components of cellular respiration, enriched with references that serve as background reading for a more in-depth understanding.