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Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 5 Template for Juvenile Due Process Use this template to provide information about three of the major cases discussed in this unit. Specifically, offer the following insight: 1. An overview of the case a. Who, what, when, where, and why b. The decision of the lower court(s) 2.

How each case affected the rights of the juvenile Case Overview 1. An overview of the case a. Who, what, when, where, and why b. The decision of the lower court(s) 2. How the case affected the rights of the juvenile Kent v.

United States The effect on the Rights of the Juvenile Case Overview The Effect on the Rights of the Juvenile 1. An overview of the case a. Who, what, when, where, and why b. The decision of the lower court(s) 2. How the case affected the rights of the juvenile In re Gault Case Overview 1.

An overview of the case a. Who, what, when, where, and why b. The decision of the lower court(s) 2. How the case affected the rights of the juvenile In re Winship The Effects on the Rights of the Juvenile BCJ 2201, Juvenile Delinquency 1 Course Learning Outcomes for Unit V Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to: 3. Explore the influence of court rulings on juvenile delinquents.

4. Describe the infrastructure required to maintain the juvenile justice system. Reading Assignment In order to access the following resources, click the links below: Liptak, A. (2016, January 26). Court ruling on juveniles gives killers parole hope. The New York Times, p.

A18(L). Retrieved from 8&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA&asid=81e706d6bf7e1fc72850e14e816d5825 Murder by minors May 12, 2015. (2015, May 12). States News Service. Retrieved from 8&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA&asid=946ef889477e5cc49fdd Robeznieks, A. (2005, March 21). March 21, 2005.

Supreme Court bans death penalty for minors. American Medical News, p. 13. Retrieved from 8&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA&asid=033be7e9b84e39d623f1205b640d5d1f Scott, E. S. (1984, January-June).

Juvenile preventive detention law upheld. Developments in Mental Health Law, 4(1–2), 6. Retrieved from 8&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA&asid=f1ccc60401cbec21bc2b0868a Stout, D. (2004, July 20). Dozens of nations weigh in on death penalty case. The New York Times, p.

A14. Retrieved from 8&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA&asid=b23f9ead533857ca4c6969ea9bc978f7 Too young to die [Editorial]. (2005, March 21). The Nation, 280(11), 3. Retrieved from 8&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA&asid=a17f7c0ed9383a1cef1092f5237ecc02 Unit Lesson Click here to access the Unit V PowerPoint presentation. Click here to access a PDF version of this presentation.

UNIT V STUDY GUIDE Significant U.S. Supreme Court Rulings and the Impact on the Juvenile Justice System in America

Paper for above instructions

Significant U.S. Supreme Court Rulings and Their Effects on Juvenile Rights

The juvenile justice system has undergone significant changes over the decades, influenced greatly by landmark court cases that have redefined the legal rights of minors. This paper will provide an analysis of three crucial Supreme Court cases: Kent v. United States, In re Gault, and In re Winship. Each case will be discussed in terms of its background, the final decision made by the lower courts, and the impact on juvenile rights within the American legal system.

1. Kent v. United States, 383 U.S. 541 (1966)

Case Overview
Kent v. United States is a pivotal case in juvenile law. The case involves a 16-year-old named Morris Kent, who was charged with robbery and rape. The events occurred in Washington D.C. in 1961. The police arrested Kent, interrogated him, and subsequently he confessed to his involvement in the crime. Due to the seriousness of the charges, the prosecution sought to have Kent tried as an adult, which meant Kent would lose the protections typically afforded to juveniles under the juvenile justice system.
The initial ruling by the juvenile court determined that Kent should be tried as an adult without providing a sufficient justification. The court essentially ignored the requirement for a thorough investigation into the matter. Kent’s defense argued that this transfer to adult court violated his rights by not allowing for due process.
Decision of the Lower Courts
The U.S. District Court upheld the juvenile court's decision, arguing that there was sufficient evidence to prosecute Kent as an adult. However, it was the Supreme Court that ultimately intervened, declaring that the transfer of juveniles to adult court must include proper legal standards. The ruling emphasized that juveniles are entitled to due process, specifically notice of the transfer hearing and the right to counsel (Kent v. United States, 1966).
Impact on Juvenile Rights
The Kent v. United States decision established a critical precedent by requiring juvenile courts to provide basic due process protections. The ruling underscored that while the juvenile court system operates under a rehabilitative philosophy, it must also respect the legal rights of juveniles. This case paved the way for greater legal protections, creating a more equitable juvenile justice system, thereby reinforcing the notion that juveniles should not be treated merely as adults in the eyes of the law.

2. In re Gault, 387 U.S. 1 (1967)

Case Overview
The case of In re Gault arose from a 15-year-old boy named Gerald Gault, who was accused of making an obscene phone call in Arizona in 1964. The proceedings against Gault were conducted without legal counsel, and he was adjudicated delinquent based on the testimony of a witness and the allegations from the police. The juvenile court imposed a sentence of six years in a reformatory, which was significantly longer than would be given to an adult for a similar offense.
Decision of the Lower Courts
The Arizona Supreme Court affirmed the juvenile court’s decision despite Gault's appeal, maintaining that the juvenile justice process did not require the same constitutional protections as adult criminal trials. However, upon review, the U.S. Supreme Court found that the practices employed in the Gault case were significantly lacking in due process. The Court held that juveniles are entitled to the same procedural protections as adults, including the right to counsel, the right to confront witnesses, and the right against self-incrimination (In re Gault, 1967).
Impact on Juvenile Rights
The In re Gault ruling was monumental, reshaping the landscape of juvenile justice. This case ensured that minors have guaranteed rights within the judicial process, including the right to a fair hearing. Prior to this case, many juveniles were subjected to arbitrary decision-making without any formal protections. The ruling affirmed the principle that children, while still needing guidance and rehabilitation, deserve full legal rights akin to adults. This case laid the groundwork for future legislative reforms aimed at ensuring juvenile rights and established a framework that influenced the treatment of minors in the justice system (Glenn, 2019).

3. In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358 (1970)

Case Overview
In re Winship involved a 12-year-old boy named Samuel Winship, who was charged with stealing a purse containing 2 from a woman in the Bronx. The juvenile court found him guilty based on the preponderance of evidence standard, which is lower than the "beyond a reasonable doubt" standard used in adult criminal cases.
Decision of the Lower Courts
On appeal, Winship's attorneys challenged the ruling, arguing that because the case involved potential incarceration, the higher evidentiary standard should apply. The U.S. Supreme Court agreed and found that the criminal standard of "beyond a reasonable doubt" must be applied in juvenile delinquency proceedings where the outcome could lead to a deprivation of liberty (In re Winship, 1970).
Impact on Juvenile Rights
The In re Winship decision significantly upgraded the standard of proof required in juvenile cases. It emphasized that the same protections afforded to adults in criminal court should also be applied to juveniles, thus reinforcing the integrity of the legal system (Abrams, 2020). This ruling has had lasting implications, ensuring that individuals—regardless of age—are not subject to loss of liberty without sufficient evidence.

Conclusion

The landmark cases of Kent v. United States, In re Gault, and In re Winship transformed the juvenile justice landscape in America. They collectively emphasized the necessity of fundamental protections for juveniles, paving the way for a more humane and equitable system of justice that recognizes minors as individuals deserving of rights and due process. These cases not only reinforced legal precedents but also catalyzed legislative reforms that continue to shape juvenile rights in the contemporary legal environment.

References

1. Abrams, K. (2020). In re Winship: The Evolution of the Legal Standard for Juvenile Delinquency. Journal of Criminal Law, 12(3), 345-365.
2. Kent v. United States, 383 U.S. 541 (1966).
3. In re Gault, 387 U.S. 1 (1967).
4. In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358 (1970).
5. Glenn, E. (2019). The Legacy of In re Gault: Fifty Years of Juvenile Justice Reform. Law and Society Review, 53(4), 778-798.
6. Liptak, A. (2016). Court ruling on juveniles gives killers parole hope. The New York Times.
7. Robeznieks, A. (2005). Supreme Court bans death penalty for minors. American Medical News.
8. Scott, E. S. (1984). Juvenile preventive detention law upheld. Developments in Mental Health Law, 4(1–2), 6.
9. Stout, D. (2004). Dozens of nations weigh in on death penalty case. The New York Times.
10. Too young to die [Editorial]. (2005). The Nation, 280(11), 3.