Chapter 2 Sociological Research Learning Objectives Approaches to Sociological Research Research Methods Ethical Concerns Chapter 2 Sociological Research The Scientific Method Ask a Question Research Existing Sources Formulate a Hypothesis Design and Conduct a Study Draw Conclusions Report Results The Diagram to the right is from another Textbook. Even though they are worded Differently the bottom line is that they Are both correct. Major Research Designs Research design: detailed plan or method for obtaining data scientifically Surveys Field Research (Ethnography, participant observation) Experiments Existing sources 4 Survey Let’s Talk Field Research Ethnography: study of an entire social setting through extended systematic fieldwork Observation: the basic technique of ethnography; direct participation in closely watching a group or organization Ethnographic research also includes collecting historical information and conducting in-person interviews Participant observation: method in which the sociologist joins a group for a period to get an accurate sense of how it operates 6 Participant Observation Experiments Experiment: artificially created situation that allows a researcher to manipulate variables Milgram Experiment Henrietta Lacks( HeLa cells) Prison Inmates in Pa.

Tuskegee Syphilis Study Stanford Prison Experiment Experimental group: exposed to an independent variable Control group: not exposed to the independent variable Hawthorne effect: unintended influence of the observers of experiments on the subjects 8 Ethics of Research Code of ethics: the standards of acceptable behavior developed by and for members of a profession ASA’s Code of Ethics (1997) Maintain objectivity and integrity in research Respect the subject’s right to privacy and dignity Protect subjects from personal harm Preserve confidentiality Seek informed consent when data are collected from research participants or when behavior occurs in a private context Acknowledge research collaboration and assistance Disclose all sources of financial support (1999) .MsftOfcThm_Accent1_Fill { fill:#4472C4; } .MsftOfcThm_Accent1_Stroke { stroke:#4472C4; } .MsftOfcThm_Accent1_Fill { fill:#4472C4; } .MsftOfcThm_Accent1_Stroke { stroke:#4472C4; } Question 1 Computron's Income Statement INCOME STATEMENT Net sales $ 2,059,200 $ 3,500,640 Cost of Goods Sold (Except depr. and amort.) $ 1,718,400 $ 2,988,000 Other Expenses $ 204,000 $ 432,000 Depreciation and amortization $ 11,340 $ 70,176 Total Operating Costs $ 1,933,740 $ 3,490,176 Earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) $ 125,460 $ 10,464 Less interest $ 37,500 $ 105,600 Pre-tax earnings $ 87,960 $ (95,136) Taxes (40%) $ 35,184 $ (38,054) Net Income $ 52,776 $ (57,082) Dividends $ 13,200 $ 6,600 Tax rate 40% 40% Computron's Balance Sheets Assets Cash and equivalents $ 5,400 $ 4,369 Short-term investments $ 29,160 $ 12,000 Accounts receivable $ 210,720 $ 379,296 Inventories $ 429,120 $ 772,416 Total current assets $ 674,400 $ 1,168,081 Gross fixed assets $ 294,600 $ 721,770 Less: Accumulated depreciation $ 87,720 $ 157,896 Net plant and equipment $ 206,880 $ 563,874 Total assets $ 881,280 $ 1,731,955 Liabilities and equity Accounts payable $ 87,360 $ 194,400 Notes payable $ 120,000 $ 432,000 Accruals $ 81,600 $ 170,976 Total current liabilities $ 288,960 $ 797,376 Long-term bonds $ 194,059 $ 600,000 Common Stock $ 276,000 $ 276,000 Retained Earnings $ 122,261 $ 58,579 Total Equity $ 398,261 $ 334,579 Total Liabilites and Equity $ 881,280 $ 1,731,955 Computron's Statement of Cash Flows Bart Kreps: The statement of cash flows provides information about cash inflows and outflows during an accounting period.

2020 Operating Activities Net Income before preferred dividends $ (57,081.60) Noncash adjustments Depreciation and amortization $ 70,176.00 Due to changes in working capital Change in accounts receivable $ (168,576.00) Change in inventories $ (343,296.00) Change in accounts payable $ 107,040.00 Change in accruals $ 89,376.00 Net cash provided by operating activities $ (302,361.60) Investing activities Cash used to acquire fixed assets $ (427,170.00) Change in short-term investments $ 17,160.00 Net cash provided by investing activities $ (410,010.00) Financing Activities Change in notes payable $ 312,000.00 Change in long-term debt $ 405,940.80 Payment of cash dividends $ (6,600.00) Net cash provided by financing activities $ 711,340.80 Net change in cash and equivilents $ (1,030.80) Cash and securities at beginning of the year $ 5,400.00 Cash and securities at end of the year $ 4,369.20 Corporate Tax Rates If a corporation's taxable income is between: It pays this amount on the base of the bracket: Plus this percentage on the excess over the base ()

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Chapter 2 Sociological Research Learning Objectives Approaches to Sociological Research Research Methods Ethical Concerns Chapter 2 Sociological Research The Scientific Method Ask a Question Research Existing Sources Formulate a Hypothesis Design and Conduct a Study Draw Conclusions Report Results The Diagram to the right is from another Textbook. Even though they are worded Differently the bottom line is that they Are both correct. Major Research Designs Research design: detailed plan or method for obtaining data scientifically Surveys Field Research (Ethnography, participant observation) Experiments Existing sources 4 Survey Let’s Talk Field Research Ethnography: study of an entire social setting through extended systematic fieldwork Observation: the basic technique of ethnography; direct participation in closely watching a group or organization Ethnographic research also includes collecting historical information and conducting in-person interviews Participant observation: method in which the sociologist joins a group for a period to get an accurate sense of how it operates 6 Participant Observation Experiments Experiment: artificially created situation that allows a researcher to manipulate variables Milgram Experiment Henrietta Lacks( HeLa cells) Prison Inmates in Pa.

Tuskegee Syphilis Study Stanford Prison Experiment Experimental group: exposed to an independent variable Control group: not exposed to the independent variable Hawthorne effect: unintended influence of the observers of experiments on the subjects 8 Ethics of Research Code of ethics: the standards of acceptable behavior developed by and for members of a profession ASA’s Code of Ethics (1997) Maintain objectivity and integrity in research Respect the subject’s right to privacy and dignity Protect subjects from personal harm Preserve confidentiality Seek informed consent when data are collected from research participants or when behavior occurs in a private context Acknowledge research collaboration and assistance Disclose all sources of financial support (1999) .MsftOfcThm_Accent1_Fill { fill:#4472C4; } .MsftOfcThm_Accent1_Stroke { stroke:#4472C4; } .MsftOfcThm_Accent1_Fill { fill:#4472C4; } .MsftOfcThm_Accent1_Stroke { stroke:#4472C4; } Question 1 Computron's Income Statement INCOME STATEMENT Net sales $ 2,059,200 $ 3,500,640 Cost of Goods Sold (Except depr. and amort.) $ 1,718,400 $ 2,988,000 Other Expenses $ 204,000 $ 432,000 Depreciation and amortization $ 11,340 $ 70,176 Total Operating Costs $ 1,933,740 $ 3,490,176 Earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) $ 125,460 $ 10,464 Less interest $ 37,500 $ 105,600 Pre-tax earnings $ 87,960 $ (95,136) Taxes (40%) $ 35,184 $ (38,054) Net Income $ 52,776 $ (57,082) Dividends $ 13,200 $ 6,600 Tax rate 40% 40% Computron's Balance Sheets Assets Cash and equivalents $ 5,400 $ 4,369 Short-term investments $ 29,160 $ 12,000 Accounts receivable $ 210,720 $ 379,296 Inventories $ 429,120 $ 772,416 Total current assets $ 674,400 $ 1,168,081 Gross fixed assets $ 294,600 $ 721,770 Less: Accumulated depreciation $ 87,720 $ 157,896 Net plant and equipment $ 206,880 $ 563,874 Total assets $ 881,280 $ 1,731,955 Liabilities and equity Accounts payable $ 87,360 $ 194,400 Notes payable $ 120,000 $ 432,000 Accruals $ 81,600 $ 170,976 Total current liabilities $ 288,960 $ 797,376 Long-term bonds $ 194,059 $ 600,000 Common Stock $ 276,000 $ 276,000 Retained Earnings $ 122,261 $ 58,579 Total Equity $ 398,261 $ 334,579 Total Liabilites and Equity $ 881,280 $ 1,731,955 Computron's Statement of Cash Flows Bart Kreps: The statement of cash flows provides information about cash inflows and outflows during an accounting period.

2020 Operating Activities Net Income before preferred dividends $ (57,081.60) Noncash adjustments Depreciation and amortization $ 70,176.00 Due to changes in working capital Change in accounts receivable $ (168,576.00) Change in inventories $ (343,296.00) Change in accounts payable $ 107,040.00 Change in accruals $ 89,376.00 Net cash provided by operating activities $ (302,361.60) Investing activities Cash used to acquire fixed assets $ (427,170.00) Change in short-term investments $ 17,160.00 Net cash provided by investing activities $ (410,010.00) Financing Activities Change in notes payable $ 312,000.00 Change in long-term debt $ 405,940.80 Payment of cash dividends $ (6,600.00) Net cash provided by financing activities $ 711,340.80 Net change in cash and equivilents $ (1,030.80) Cash and securities at beginning of the year $ 5,400.00 Cash and securities at end of the year $ 4,369.20 Corporate Tax Rates If a corporation's taxable income is between: It pays this amount on the base of the bracket: Plus this percentage on the excess over the base () $0 $50,000 $0 15.0% $50,000 $75,000 $7,.0% $75,000 $100,000 $13,.0% $100,000 $335,000 $22,.0% $335,000 $10,000,000 $113,.0% $10,000,000 $15,000,000 $3,400,.0% $15,000,000 $18,333,333 $5,150,.0% $18,333,333 and up $6,416,.0%