Chapter Three Types Of Hypothesesjoslyn Nicksonwilliam Carey Universi ✓ Solved

Chapter Three: Types of Hypotheses Joslyn Nickson William Carey University EDU 620 Teacher as a Researcher Dr. Shelly Simmons March 7, 2021 Abstract In this reflection paper, I will be discussing the different types of hypotheses and providing an educated definition of each one. The different types of hypotheses goes as follows: Inductive hypothesis, Deductive hypothesis, Nondirectional hypothesis, Directional hypothesis, and Null hypothesis. Inductive vs. Deductive The first hypothesis is an inductive hypothesis, a generalization based upon specific observations.

For example, a math teacher may observe that all the football players are better at solving math problems that deal with shapes rather than regular math problems that involve formulas. An inductive hypothesis is based on everyday observations. The second hypothesis is the complete opposite of the inductive hypothesis. It is a deductive hypothesis. A deductive hypothesis is derived from theory and provides evidence that supports, expands, or contradicts theory.

The evidence is already set in place for a hypothesis. An example would be Nondirectional vs. Directional A nondirectional hypothesis states that a relation or difference exists among variables. A directional hypothesis states the expected direction of the relationship or difference among variables. Null Hypothesis A null hypothesis states that there is no significant relationship or difference among variables.

Null hypothesis has little to no existing research or theoretical support for a hypothesis. Most studies are not based on null hypothesis. There are no evidence, clues, or

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Chapter Three: Types of Hypotheses

Introduction

Hypotheses play a crucial role in research, providing a framework for testing and exploring scientific inquiries. In this chapter, we will delve into the various types of hypotheses that are commonly utilized in research methodologies. These include the inductive hypothesis, deductive hypothesis, nondirectional hypothesis, directional hypothesis, and null hypothesis. Understanding these types will assist researchers in effectively designing their studies and interpreting their results.

Inductive Hypothesis

An inductive hypothesis is formulated based on specific observations that lead to general conclusions. It does not derive from an existing body of theory but instead posits a broad proposition based on particular instances. For instance, if a researcher observes that students who participate in after-school tutoring programs tend to achieve higher grades than those who do not, they may form an inductive hypothesis that states: "After-school tutoring improves student academic performance." This type of hypothesis is often used in exploratory research where patterns are identified and proposed for further investigation (Babbie, 2020).

Deductive Hypothesis

Contrasting the inductive hypothesis, the deductive hypothesis is grounded in existing theories or general principles that lead to specific predictions. A deductive approach takes the form of ‘if…then’ statements and is often used to test the validity of theories. For example, if a theory suggests that increased studying leads to better test performance, a corresponding deductive hypothesis might state: "Students who study more than ten hours per week will perform better on mathematics tests than those who study less." The deductive hypothesis allows researchers to make predictions that can be rigorously tested through experimentation (Creswell, 2014).

Nondirectional Hypothesis

A nondirectional hypothesis asserts that there is a relationship or difference between two or more variables but does not specify the direction of this relationship. For example, a researcher might state: "There is a relationship between socioeconomic status and academic achievement." This hypothesis indicates that there is an expected correlation between the two variables but does not articulate whether higher socioeconomic status leads to better academic performance (or vice versa). This form is typically employed when there is limited prior research to suggest a specific direction (Polit & Beck, 2017).

Directional Hypothesis

In contrast, a directional hypothesis specifies the nature of the relationship between variables. It posits not only that a relationship exists but also identifies the expected direction of that relationship. For example: "Students who engage in regular physical exercise will have higher academic performance than those who do not." This hypothesis implies a specific positive relationship between physical exercise and academic success, guiding the research study towards a tangible conclusion (Robson & McCartan, 2016).

Null Hypothesis

The null hypothesis (H0) states that there is no significant relationship or difference between the variables in question. It serves as a default position that researchers can test against and is crucial in hypothesis testing. For instance, a null hypothesis for the earlier mentioned directional hypothesis might be: "There is no difference in academic performance between students who engage in regular physical exercise and those who do not." The null hypothesis is essential in statistical testing, as it allows researchers to determine whether their findings can be attributed to chance or if they indicate a true effect (Field, 2018).

Conclusion

Understanding the different types of hypotheses is vital for researchers as they design and execute their studies. The inductive and deductive hypotheses serve as foundations for constructing research inquiries, while nondirectional and directional hypotheses guide researchers into understanding the nature of relationships between variables. The null hypothesis plays a critical role in statistical hypothesis testing, ensuring that research findings are valid and reliable. Together, these types of hypotheses create a comprehensive framework that fosters scientific exploration and understanding.

References

1. Babbie, E. R. (2020). The Practice of Social Research. Cengage Learning.
2. Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. SAGE Publications.
3. Field, A. (2018). Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS Statistics. SAGE Publications.
4. Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2017). Nursing Research: Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
5. Robson, C., & McCartan, K. (2016). Real World Research. Wiley.
6. Cooper, H. (2010). Research Synthesis and Meta-Analysis: A Step-by-Step Approach. Sage Publications.
7. Greenhalgh, T. (2014). How to Read a Paper: The Basics of Evidence-Based Medicine. Wiley-Blackwell.
8. Levin, J. R., & Durst, D. C. (2012). Do Hypothesis Testing and Theory Testing Differ? Journal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods, 11(1), 160-170.
9. McMillan, J. H., & Schumacher, S. (2010). Research in Education: Evidence-Based Inquiry. Pearson.
10. Shadish, W. R., Cook, T. D., & Campbell, D. T. (2002). Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs for Generalized Causal Inference. Houghton Mifflin.
This summary encapsulates the various types of hypotheses and their application in research while adhering to academic standards by integrating relevant literature.