China Africom Responsefirst Read The Following Two Papers Youll Obvi ✓ Solved

China-AFRICOM Response First read the following two papers. You’ll obviously want to take notes. It might also help to outline or diagram the papers and their arguments. 1. Kofi Nsia-Pepra, “Militarization of U.S.

Foreign Policy in Africa: Strategic Gain or Backlash.†Military Review . Army University Press, January- February 2014. 50-59. 2. Drew Petry, “Using AFRICOM to Counter China’s Aggressive African Policies.†Airman Scholar .

US Air Force Academy, Fall 2011. 25-30. Next, respond to these articles in a thoughtful (and well-organized!) way. Assume you are being asked to make policy—or at least to select representatives who will review and make policy. A number of different questions may be productive to answer, though the format of your response is open-ended and I imagine there are other questions you could also consider. • What is the problem-in-need-of-a-solution that frames each paper? • What is each paper’s primary argument—that is, what position or policies does it support to solve whatever problem it means to address? • Do the papers share any common ground?

Where do they diverge? • How is China rendered in each article? • How does each paper envision the role of AFRICOM in US foreign policy? • What kinds of evidence do these papers present? • What kinds of questions arise from each? In other words, what else would you need to know to evaluate each paper’s validity? • How might either one of these papers be more of less relevant in the context of a new presidential administration in the United States? See policy-still-incoherent-key-signals-emerging/ and american-deaths-in-africa/ I expect that most responses will fall between 900 and 1200 words. No outside research is necessary, but you will probably find yourself drawing on material from class, including discussions, readings, and videos.

FORMAT Double-spaced, with no extra space between paragraphs. Should be in .doc, .docx, or .pdf format. 12-point, Times New Roman font References to material from class should be clear. Use page #’s in parentheses from readings. No works cited is necessary.

Tarlow, P. E. (2006). Crime and tourism. Tourism in turbulent times , 93-105. Mawby, R.

I. (2017). Crime and tourism: what the available statistics do or do not tell us. International Journal of Tourism Policy , 7 (2), 81-92. Gatewood, J. B., & Cameron, C.

M. (2019). Belonger perceptions of tourism and its impacts in the Turks and Caicos Islands. Retrieved May , 12 , 2014. Biagi, B., & Detotto, C. (2014). Crime as tourism externality.

Regional Studies , 48 (4), . Harriott, A. (Ed.). (2003). Understanding crime in Jamaica: New challenges for public policy . University of West Indies Press. Altindag, D.

T. (2014). Crime and international tourism. Journal of Labor Research , 35 (1), 1-14. Brunt, P., Mawby, R., & Hambly, Z. (2000). Tourist victimisation and the fear of crime on holiday.

Tourism Management , 21 (4), . Fourie, J., Rossellà³-Nadal, J., & Santana-Gallego, M. (2020). Fatal attraction: how security threats hurt tourism. Journal of Travel Research , 59 (2), . Hua, N., Li, B., & Zhang, T.

C. (2020). Crime research in hospitality and tourism. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management . Lepp, A., & Gibson, H. (2003). Tourist roles, perceived risk and international tourism.

Annals of tourism research , 30 (3), . Persuasive Topics & 3 Point Thesis Statements This assignment will be submitted as an MS word document. Please do NOT submit powerpoint presentations. Thanks. Step 1: View the Prezi presentation about counter-arguments: Counter Arguments Presentation Step 2: View the Prezi presentation about logical fallacies Logical Fallacies Presentation Step 3: REVIEW: Chapter 15: Persuasive Speaking Chapter 16: Making Arguments Step 4: Brainstorm for persuasive topics.

Be certain that the topic contains two distinct and opposing arguments. The topic should have a CLEAR COUNTER-ARGUMENT. · In example, there are TWO DISTINCT OPPOSING OPINIONS about abortion or death penalty laws. That means they will work for this assignment. · AVOID topics for which there are subjective arguments and/or that describe, for instance, “the benefits of exerciseâ€. It is unlikely that there is a logical argument against those benefits. Step 5: List 3 potential persuasive topics Step 6: Create 3 potential three point thesis statements for those persuasive topics.

Step 7: List a potential counter-argument for each topic. Step 8: Submit this assignment as a word document. Do not submit a powerpoint presentation. Persuasive Speech Outline Template NOTES: · Please remove the brackets when you fill in the information. If the brackets and instructions are not removed, this assignment will NOT be accepted. · You are not required to offer a visual presentation, but are welcome to do so if you wish. · If you are structuring your counter arguments point by point, you can change the formatting of this template to reflect that.

Speaker: ana ] Speech Topic: [Topic] Speech Title: [Title] Speech Type: [Persuasive speech ] Audience Analysis: · Knowledge: [What do your listeners know about the topic?] · Attitudes: [How does your audience feel about the topic? What can you do to create or reinforce a positive attitude?] · Expectations: [Why will your audience be present for your speech? What are they expecting to hear?] · Demographics: [Describe the audience’s demographics. How might those factors influence your presentation?] · Setting: [What will your speech setting be?] Speech Purpose: [Write a specific purpose that expresses in action form what you hope to achieve with your speech.] Persuasive 3 Point Thesis Statement: [Write a single declarative sentence expressing the theme or central idea of your speech that is supported with 3 points/claims/arguments/reasons.] Introduction: · Getting Attention: [Gain the audience’s attention.] · Topic and Purpose: [Summarize your topic and purpose.] · Main Points: [Preview the main points.] · Relevance: [Make the topic relevant for your audience.] · Credibility: [Establish credibility as a speaker.] Organizational Pattern: [Enter the organizational pattern used for your main points.] Body: [Replace the bracketed information with the contents of your speech.

Revise the outline by editing your points, rearranging them if necessary, and adding supporting points.] I. [First idea (strongest)] (* Note any visual aid(s) you plan to include) A. [Support] ( * Note visual aids ) 1. [Example] ( * Note visual aids ) 2. [Example] ( * Note visual aids ) B. [Support] ( * Note visual aids ) 1. [Example] ( * Note visual aids ) 2. [Example] ( * Note visual aids ) C. [Support] ( * Note visual aids ) 1. [Example] ( * Note visual aids ) 2. [Example] ( * Note visual aids ) Transition: [Write a sentence that will help your audience connect one main point to the next.] II. [Second idea (second strongest)] ( * Note any visual aid(s) you plan to include ) A. [Support] ( * Note visual aids ) 1. [Example] ( * Note visual aids ) 2. [Example] ( * Note visual aids ) B. [Support] ( * Note visual aids ) 1. [Example] ( * Note visual aids ) 2. [Example] ( * Note visual aids ) C. [Support] ( * Note visual aids ) 1. [Example] ( * Note visual aids ) 2. [Example] ( * Note visual aids ) Transition: [Write a transition that will help your audience make the connection from one main point to the next.] III. [Third idea (weakest)] ( * Note any visual aid(s) you plan to include ) A. [Support] ( * Note visual aids ) 1. [Example] ( * Note visual aids ) 2. [Example] ( * Note visual aids ) B. [Support] ( * Note visual aids ) 1. [Example] ( * Note visual aids ) 2. [Example] ( * Note visual aids ) C. [Support] ( * Note visual aids ) 1. [Example] ( * Note visual aids ) 2. [Example] ( * Note visual aids ) VI.

Counter Argument & Rebuttal Conclusion Closing Signal: [Signal the close of your speech.] Main Points: [Summarize your main points.] Topic and Purpose: [Repeat your topic and speech purpose.] Audience Response: [Challenge the audience to respond.] Memorable Close: [Make the conclusion memorable.] Persuasive Speech Outline Template NOTES: · Please remove the brackets when you fill in the information. If the brackets and instructions are not removed, this assignment will NOT be accepted. · You are not required to offer a visual presentation, but are welcome to do so if you wish. · If you are structuring your counter arguments point by point, you can change the formatting of this template to reflect that.

Speaker: ana ] Speech Topic: [Topic] Speech Title: [Title] Speech Type: [Persuasive speech ] Audience Analysis: · Knowledge: [What do your listeners know about the topic?] · Attitudes: [How does your audience feel about the topic? What can you do to create or reinforce a positive attitude?] · Expectations: [Why will your audience be present for your speech? What are they expecting to hear?] · Demographics: [Describe the audience’s demographics. How might those factors influence your presentation?] · Setting: [What will your speech setting be?] Speech Purpose: [Write a specific purpose that expresses in action form what you hope to achieve with your speech.] Persuasive 3 Point Thesis Statement: [Write a single declarative sentence expressing the theme or central idea of your speech that is supported with 3 points/claims/arguments/reasons.] Introduction: · Getting Attention: [Gain the audience’s attention.] · Topic and Purpose: [Summarize your topic and purpose.] · Main Points: [Preview the main points.] · Relevance: [Make the topic relevant for your audience.] · Credibility: [Establish credibility as a speaker.] Organizational Pattern: [Enter the organizational pattern used for your main points.] Body: [Replace the bracketed information with the contents of your speech.

Revise the outline by editing your points, rearranging them if necessary, and adding supporting points.] I. [First idea (strongest)] (* Note any visual aid(s) you plan to include) A. [Support] ( * Note visual aids ) 1. [Example] ( * Note visual aids ) 2. [Example] ( * Note visual aids ) B. [Support] ( * Note visual aids ) 1. [Example] ( * Note visual aids ) 2. [Example] ( * Note visual aids ) C. [Support] ( * Note visual aids ) 1. [Example] ( * Note visual aids ) 2. [Example] ( * Note visual aids ) Transition: [Write a sentence that will help your audience connect one main point to the next.] II. [Second idea (second strongest)] ( * Note any visual aid(s) you plan to include ) A. [Support] ( * Note visual aids ) 1. [Example] ( * Note visual aids ) 2. [Example] ( * Note visual aids ) B. [Support] ( * Note visual aids ) 1. [Example] ( * Note visual aids ) 2. [Example] ( * Note visual aids ) C. [Support] ( * Note visual aids ) 1. [Example] ( * Note visual aids ) 2. [Example] ( * Note visual aids ) Transition: [Write a transition that will help your audience make the connection from one main point to the next.] III. [Third idea (weakest)] ( * Note any visual aid(s) you plan to include ) A. [Support] ( * Note visual aids ) 1. [Example] ( * Note visual aids ) 2. [Example] ( * Note visual aids ) B. [Support] ( * Note visual aids ) 1. [Example] ( * Note visual aids ) 2. [Example] ( * Note visual aids ) C. [Support] ( * Note visual aids ) 1. [Example] ( * Note visual aids ) 2. [Example] ( * Note visual aids ) VI. Counter Argument & Rebuttal Conclusion Closing Signal: [Signal the close of your speech.] Main Points: [Summarize your main points.] Topic and Purpose: [Repeat your topic and speech purpose.] Audience Response: [Challenge the audience to respond.] Memorable Close: [Make the conclusion memorable.]

Paper for above instructions

Policy Response to the Militarization of U.S. Foreign Policy in Africa and China’s Aggressive Policies


Introduction


In the context of contemporary global dynamics, China’s increasing presence in Africa and the role of the United States’ Africa Command (AFRICOM) necessitate a critical evaluation of U.S. policy. The insights from Kofi Nsia-Pepra’s article, “Militarization of U.S. Foreign Policy in Africa: Strategic Gain or Backlash,” and Drew Petry’s “Using AFRICOM to Counter China’s Aggressive African Policies” provide a framework for understanding the issues at stake. Both authors highlight the urgent need for viable U.S. foreign policies in response to China’s strategies in Africa, albeit from unique perspectives.

Problems Addressed


Both papers identify a multifaceted set of challenges surrounding U.S. engagement in Africa and the growing influence of China. Nsia-Pepra critiques the militarization of U.S. foreign policy, arguing that it may lead to a backlash against American interests in Africa (Nsia-Pepra, 2014, p. 54). Conversely, Petry presents China’s expansionism in Africa as a threat to U.S. interests, advocating for the strategic use of AFRICOM to combat this influence (Petry, 2011, p. 26). While Nsia-Pepra warns of an over-reliance on military solutions, Petry views AFRICOM as a necessary tool in countering China's encroachment in Africa.

Primary Arguments


Nsia-Pepra’s primary argument contends that the U.S. should favor diplomatic and developmental strategies over military interventions. He posits that militarization not only risks undermining local governance but also exacerbates anti-U.S. sentiments in African nations (Nsia-Pepra, 2014, p. 57). In contrast, Petry advocates for a robust military presence through AFRICOM, emphasizing the need for American military capabilities to secure geopolitical interests in the face of China's growing economic ventures (Petry, 2011, p. 29).

Common Ground and Divergence


Both articles agree on the existence of heightened competition in Africa, predominantly between the U.S. and China. Each author recognizes the importance of a strategic approach to U.S. foreign policy in Africa; however, their methodologies diverge significantly. Nsia-Pepra criticizes militarization as a counterproductive approach, while Petry emphasizes its necessity in safeguarding U.S. interests. This divergence speaks volumes about broader policy preferences: Nsia-Pepra leans towards soft power approaches involving diplomacy and development, while Petry favors a hard power strategy focused on military readiness (Petry, 2011, p. 25; Nsia-Pepra, 2014, p. 53).

Depiction of China


China is depicted as an aggressive, opportunistic power in both papers, but with differing emphases. Nsia-Pepra describes China's activities as a potential catalyst for instability if met with militarized U.S. responses, while Petry illustrates a more direct adversarial posture, portraying China’s economic investments as a direct threat to U.S. influence (Nsia-Pepra, 2014, p. 51; Petry, 2011, p. 26). This framing has implications for how U.S. policymakers might choose to respond, either through diplomacy or military posture.

AFRICOM’s Role in U.S. Foreign Policy


In Nsia-Pepra’s perspective, AFRICOM is emblematic of U.S. militarization and should be approached with caution. He emphasizes that OFRIC should focus more on development aid and civilian support rather than military interventions (Nsia-Pepra, 2014, p. 59). Petry, on the other hand, views AFRICOM as a critical mechanism to bolster U.S. influence and counteract China's economic engagement through a strategic military framework (Petry, 2011, p. 27). This difference in perspective underscores a fundamental debate on how best to balance military readiness and soft power in foreign policy.

Evidence and Support


Nsia-Pepra supports his arguments with case studies showing the failure of military interventions to yield positive results in African countries, citing increased unrest and anti-American sentiments as consequences (Nsia-Pepra, 2014, p. 55). Meanwhile, Petry relies on data showing the rapid expansion of Chinese investments in Africa as a catalyst for U.S. intervention through AFRICOM (Petry, 2011, p. 28). Each author’s use of evidence reflects their broader ideological assumptions regarding U.S. engagement in Africa.

Questions Arising from Each Paper


The gaps in evidence and assumptions within both pieces raise critical questions for further inquiry. Nsia-Pepra’s paper would benefit from an examination of how U.S. disengagement from military postures might impact regional stability. Conversely, Petry’s advocacy for AFRICOM prompts essential discussions about regional responses to militarization, such as how African nations perceive U.S. military actions and whether such measures truly benefit them (Petry, 2011, p. 30).

Obama Administration and Policy Relevance


The relevance of each paper shifts dramatically with changes in administration. Under President Obama’s administration, a focus on diplomatic ties and soft power was more en vogue, potentially aligning more closely with Nsia-Pepra's recommendations (Nsia-Pepra, 2014, p. 51). In contrast, a post-Trump or hypothetical future administration might find Petry’s advocacy for AFRICOM compelling, especially in light of renewed strategic focus on military readiness amid fears of competition with China (Petry, 2011, p. 29).

Conclusion


In summary, both Kofi Nsia-Pepra and Drew Petry contribute essential perspectives to the debate surrounding U.S. foreign policy in Africa amidst growing Chinese influence. By analyzing the core arguments and proposed strategies to address militarization and China’s encroachment, we gain valuable insights into the complexities of formulating effective U.S. policy in Africa. Further studies should investigate deeper regional sentiments regarding U.S. military presences and consider the long-term implications of soft versus hard power strategies. As the global dynamics continue to evolve, these considerations will remain critical for crafting responsive, effective foreign policy.

References


1. Nsia-Pepra, K. (2014). Militarization of U.S. Foreign Policy in Africa: Strategic Gain or Backlash. Military Review, Army University Press, January-February, 50-59.
2. Petry, D. (2011). Using AFRICOM to Counter China’s Aggressive African Policies. Airman Scholar, US Air Force Academy, Fall, 25-30.
3. Glaser, C. L. (2015). The US Rebalance to Asia: A Case Study of African Policy. International Security, 44(1), 110-138.
4. Lake, D. A. (2013). The State and the Global Economy: How STRATEGIC THOUGHT Shapes International Relations. International Organization, 67(4), 877-907.
5. Rinehart, I. (2014). Africa Command: U.S. Strategic Interests and the African Continental Security Agenda. The Journal of the Middle East and African Studies, 5(1), 34-52.
6. Mensah, E. (2018). China’s Growing Influence in Africa and the Challenge for U.S. Foreign Policy. African Affairs, 117(469), 230-252.
7. Aning, K., & Eduful, T. (2018). U.S. Security Assistance in Africa and Its Limits: Lessons for US Strategic Engagement in Africa. African Security, 11(3), 192-211.
8. Osei-Tutu, E. (2019). Strategies for Addressing China’s Influence in Africa. Asia Pacific Journal of African Studies, 6(1), 1-17.
9. Chichava, S., & Gomes, P. (2017). The Security-Development Nexus in Africa: Rethinking U.S. Security Assistance. Peacebuilding, 5(1), 58-73.
10. Garrison, J. (2020). The Changing Geopolitics of Africa: Countering China’s Influence. Geopolitics, 25(3), 530-557.