Circle Or Highlightthe Correct Answer For The Followingquestionsthen ✓ Solved

CIRCLE OR HIGHLIGHT the correct answer for the following questions; then after each, you will be asked to provide a rationale for your answer, an explanation, or example. DO NOT LEAVE ANY BLANK LINE ON THE TEST UNANSWERED. In questions 1 through 5, MATCH each of the following research methods (a-e) with the statement which best describes it. Write the concept in the space next to the statement: a. naturalistic observation d. case study b. laboratory observation e. survey c. correlational study 1. This method allows researchers to gather self-report data from a representative sample of the population. ______________________________ Please provide your own example of this method in a scientific, psychological study.

If you were to conduct your study using this method, how would you go about doing so? In one paragraph, tell me how you would utilize this method in a study of your choosing: ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 2. This method involves determining the strength of relationship between two variables, though cause and effect cannot be determined. _________________________________ Please provide an example of this method in your own scientific, psychological study. In one paragraph, explain what variables you might utilize to determine strength of relationships: ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 3.

This method allows researchers to observe behaviors while maintaining control of the environment. ________________________________ Please provide an example of this method in the scientific, psychological study you came up with in question 1. If you were to conduct your study using this method, how would you go about doing so? In one paragraph, tell me how you would utilize this method: ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 4. This method involves collecting extensive data on one person of interest. __________________ Please provide an example of this method in the scientific, psychological study you came up with in question 1.

If you were to conduct your study using this method, how would you go about doing so? In one paragraph, tell me how you would utilize this method and what one person you might collect data on: ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 5. This method allows researchers to observe behaviors that are more natural or spontaneous. _____________________________ Please provide an example of this method in the scientific, psychological study you came up with in question 1. If you were to conduct your study using this method, how would you go about doing so?

In one paragraph, tell me how you would utilize this method and what natural or spontaneous behaviors you would watch for: ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ MATCH each of the following perspectives with the statement below which best describes it. Write it in the space below the statement. Then there is a paragraph to complete at the end of #11. Please do not leave it blank. a. Humanistic b.

Psychoanalytic c. Cognitive d. Behaviorism 6. This perspective focused on mental processes, such as decision-making and memory. _____________________________________ 7. This perspective believes people are basically “good†and driven to reach their full potential. _____________________________________ 8.

Freud focused on the unconscious mind and on early childhood experiences. _____________________________________ 9. Researchers like Watson and Skinner believed psychologists should focus on observable, measureable behaviors. _____________________________________ In one robust paragraph, using all four of the perspectives above, describe a situation for each one in which each of these schools of thought might be necessary and appropriate over the others. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 10.

The Central Nervous System (CNS) in humans is comprised of two structures: the brain and peripheral nerves the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems the autonomic and peripheral nerves spinal cord and peripheral nerves the brain and spinal cord Describe in your own words (from your own schemata), the function of each of these structures: ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 11. _______________ are branch-shaped structures on a neuron that receive incoming signals from other neurons.

Axons c. Glial cells Dendrites d. Receptors From where did these signals originate, and where are they headed? What is their ultimate function? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ MATCH each of the following NEUROTRANSMITTERS with the statement which best describes it. Place the name of the neurotransmitter in the blank next to the statement.

Then there is a paragraph after #18 to complete. PLEASE DO NOT LEAVE IT BLANK: Serotonin c. GABA Dopamine d. Norepinephrine e. Acetylcholine 12. it is involved in memory and movement; its deficiency is linked to Alzheimer’s disease _______________________________________ 13. an inhibitory neurotransmitter involved in sleep regulation and mood; its deficiency has been linked to depression, suicide, and impulsive violence _______________________________________ 14. it inhibits involuntary muscle movements and has been linked to both Parkinson’s disease and Schizophrenia _______________________________________ 15. it activates the sympathetic nervous system and influences arousal; its involved in the brain’s reward centers and may be depleted by repeated cocaine usage _______________________________________ 16. an inhibitory neurotransmitter that reduces anxiety and seizure disorders _______________________________________ In one robust paragraph, utilizing all five of these neurotransmitters, describe what stimulus or stressor might elicit the production of each of these neurotransmitters. ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ 17.

In the brain stem, what is the function of the RETICULAR FORMATION? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ If we were to place an electrode on the reticular formation of a rat and provide him or her an electric shock to this area, what might the rat experience? ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 18. Choose one of the INFANT REFLEXES outlined in Ch. 3. In one paragraph, describe for me what is occurring in the reflex you chose. Why is a newborn baby equipped with this reflex?

How long does it last? Draw me a mental picture of what the baby exhibits: ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ REM sleep may be characterized by a. decreased adrenaline. d. more frequent and vivid dreams. b. decreased brain activity. e. slow & regular heart rate. c. sleepwalking. You chose one correct answer. In which stages do each of these other four phenomenon occur? i) ____________________________________________________________________________________ ii) ___________________________________________________________________________________ iii) ____________________________________________________________________________________ iv)_________________________________________________________________________________ 20.

Sleepwalking is most likely to occur during ________ sleep. a. REM d. stage 3 b. stage 1 e. stage 4 c. stage 2 Sleep terrors are most likely to occur during ________ sleep. a. REM d. stage 3 b. stage 1 e. stage 4 c. stage 2 What is sleepwalking? What phenomenon is occurring? ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ What are night terrors? What phenomenon is occurring? ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 21.

Individuals who experience periods of time during the night when their breathing stops may be diagnosed with a. narcolepsy. c. insomnia. b. sleep apnea. d. somniloquy. What is the treatment for this? Is it curable? Explain these answers in your own words: ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 22. According to Freud, dreams are a. continuations of the mental processes occurring when the person falls asleep. b. an expression of our unconscious desires and needs. c. not very meaningful. d. combinations of random neural signals.

What do YOU think dreams are? Explain in your own words: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 23. The three functions of memory (not memory storage) in sequence are: a. short-term memory, long-term memory, and retrieval. b. encoding, storage, and retrieval. c. encoding, retrieval, and forgetting. d. sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Explain each function in your own words: A)_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ B)______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ C)______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 24.

Lacey can remember how to ride a bike and how to drive a car. These are examples of a. procedural memory. c. episodic memory. b. implicit memory. d. semantic memory. Why can’t Lacey remember the information on her vocabulary test last week? Tell me in your own words: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 25. Ramone watched an episode of American Idol and saw 12 singers perform.

Later his wife asked about the performers, and he could only remember the last 3 singers who performed. This is an example of a. a flashbulb memory. c. the primacy effect. b. episodic memory. d. the recency effect. What if he had remembered one of the earlier singers because she reminded him of an old girlfriend? What kind of memory would that have been? Explain: ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 29.

Using the information from your SLEEP LOG, your textbook, your PPT notes, and our discussion in class, describe for me, in one very brief paragraph, what you learned about YOURSELF with regard to the following concepts: CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS, LARK OR OWL, SLEEP DEPRIVATION, DREAMS, SLEEP STAGES, SLEEP CYCLES, ALTERED STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS, MEMORIES, AND LEARNING. __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________

Paper for above instructions

Assignment Solution

Research Methods

1. Survey
This method allows researchers to gather self-report data from a representative sample of the population. An example of this method in a scientific psychological study could be conducting a national survey to investigate the prevalence of anxiety disorders among adults. If I were to conduct my study using this method, I would create a questionnaire featuring standardized measures of anxiety, ensuring it is distributed across various demographic groups to maintain representativeness. Data would be collected online and through face-to-face interviews to optimize response rates.
2. Correlational Study
This method involves determining the strength of the relationship between two variables, though cause and effect cannot be determined. An example of this method could be a study examining the correlation between the number of hours of sleep per night and levels of reported stress among college students. The independent variable could be the number of sleep hours, while the dependent variable could be self-reported stress levels rated on a standardized scale. I would utilize statistical methods, such as Pearson's correlation coefficient, to analyze the data.
3. Laboratory Observation
This method allows researchers to observe behaviors while maintaining control of the environment. In my study regarding anxiety disorders, I could conduct a laboratory observation session where participants engage in a stressful activity, such as giving a presentation in front of an audience. I would measure physiological responses, such as heart rate and skin conductance using sensors, ensuring a controlled environment to minimize external distractions.
4. Case Study
This method involves collecting extensive data on one person of interest. I could focus on a participant with a severe anxiety disorder as a case study. I would conduct in-depth interviews, psychological assessments, and behavioral observations over several months to gather a detailed picture of their experiences, coping mechanisms, and treatment responses. This approach could yield insights that might not be visible through quantitative methods.
5. Naturalistic Observation
This method allows researchers to observe behaviors that are more natural or spontaneous. For the study on anxiety disorders, I could observe individuals in a natural setting, such as a social gathering, to see how anxiety manifests in real-life situations. I would document visible signs of anxiety, communication patterns, and social interactions without intervening, ensuring that the observations remain authentic.

Psychological Perspectives

6. Cognitive
This perspective focused on mental processes, such as decision-making and memory.
7. Humanistic
This perspective believes people are basically “good” and driven to reach their full potential.
8. Psychoanalytic
Freud focused on the unconscious mind and on early childhood experiences.
9. Behaviorism
Researchers like Watson and Skinner believed psychologists should focus on observable, measurable behaviors.
In a clinical setting, for a patient with depression, the cognitive perspective may emphasize identifying and restructuring negative thought patterns (Beck, 1976). In contrast, the humanistic perspective would focus on creating a supportive environment for self-exploration to enhance self-esteem (Rogers, 1961). Psychoanalytic therapy would explore unconscious conflicts rooted in childhood experiences (Freud, 1900), while behaviorism might target observable behaviors through reinforcement strategies to modify maladaptive habits (Skinner, 1953). Each perspective offers unique insights essential for tailored therapeutic approaches, highlighting various dimensions of human behavior.
10. The Central Nervous System (CNS) in humans is comprised of the brain and spinal cord. The brain receives and processes information, coordinating bodily functions, while the spinal cord acts as a conduit for signals between the brain and the rest of the body. Collectively, they enable complex functions such as movement, sensation, and reflexes.
11. Dendrites
Dendrites are branch-shaped structures on a neuron that receive incoming signals from other neurons. Signals originate from the axon terminals of other neurons and are headed towards the cell body of the neuron. Their ultimate function is to integrate incoming information and perpetuate electrical signals that may lead to neurotransmitter release.

Neurotransmitters

12. Acetylcholine
It is involved in memory and movement; its deficiency is linked to Alzheimer’s disease.
13. Serotonin
An inhibitory neurotransmitter involved in sleep regulation and mood; its deficiency has been linked to depression, suicide, and impulsive violence.
14. Dopamine
It inhibits involuntary muscle movements and has been linked to both Parkinson’s disease and Schizophrenia.
15. Norepinephrine
It activates the sympathetic nervous system and influences arousal; it's involved in the brain’s reward centers.
16. GABA
An inhibitory neurotransmitter that reduces anxiety and seizure disorders.
When faced with a stressor such as a stressful academic deadline, norepinephrine might surge to increase arousal and alertness. Simultaneously, dopamine is produced to bolster motivation and reward-seeking behaviors associated with achieving what is necessary. Insufficient serotonin levels may exacerbate feelings of anxiety or depression. Should the stressor lead to overwhelming tension, GABA's role becomes crucial as it calms the nervous system. Lastly, acetylcholine might facilitate memory encoding regarding the strategies employed to manage the stressor effectively.
17. The Reticular Formation in the brain stem has crucial functions such as regulating arousal, alertness, and consciousness. If we were to place an electrode on the reticular formation of a rat and provide an electric shock, the rat might experience heightened arousal or wakefulness, potentially leading to increased alertness to its environment.

Reflexes and Sleep

18. The Moro reflex exhibited in newborns manifests when a baby feels a sensation of falling or hears a loud sound, causing them to spread their arms and legs and then pull them back in. This reflex is crucial for the baby's survival as it aids in grasping onto their caregiver. The reflex typically lasts until around 2 months of age. Picture a newborn's arms flinging outward and then swiftly drawing inward, a natural instinct as they perceive a potential threat.
19. REM sleep may be characterized by d. more frequent and vivid dreams. i) Decreased adrenaline typically occurs in non-REM sleep, particularly deep sleep. ii) Decreased brain activity happens in Stage 3 and stage 4 (deep sleep). iii) Sleepwalking commonly occurs in Stage 3 sleep. iv) Slow & regular heart rate may occur during Stage 2 sleep. The stages of sleep are essential for restorative processes in the body and brain.
20. Sleepwalking is most likely to occur during c. stage 3 sleep. Sleep terrors occur during d. stage 3 sleep as well. Sleepwalking is a phenomenon where individuals walk or perform activities while still in a state of sleep, often with no recollection afterwards. Night terrors are episodes of extreme fear and panic, involving screaming, thrashing, and a lack of awareness of the surroundings.
21. Individuals who experience periods of time during the night when their breathing stops may be diagnosed with b. sleep apnea. Treatments may include lifestyle changes, CPAP machines, or surgery, and the condition is generally manageable but not entirely curable.
22. According to Freud, dreams are b. an expression of our unconscious desires and needs. Personally, I believe dreams serve as a reflection of our daily experiences and feelings, sometimes creating narratives that help in processing emotions and stresses from waking life.
23. The three functions of memory in sequence are: b. encoding, storage, and retrieval. A) Encoding refers to the process of transforming information into a form that can be stored in the memory, involving attention and interpretation. B) Storage entails maintaining the encoded information over time, either in short-term or long-term memory. C) Retrieval is the process of recalling stored information when needed, allowing for application in various contexts.
24. Lacey can remember how to ride a bike and how to drive a car; these are examples of a. procedural memory. She might not remember vocabulary test information due to lack of effective encoding strategies or because it may have been overshadowed by more significant memories.
25. Ramone's recollection of only the last three singers is an example of d. the recency effect. If he remembered an earlier singer because she reminded him of an old girlfriend, that would reflect b. episodic memory, highlighting personal feelings associated with past experiences.
29. In analyzing my sleep habits including circadian rhythms, I have learned that I am an “owl,” thriving during late-night activities while struggling with consistent sleep patterns, thereby affecting cognitive functions—underscoring the importance of managing sleep cycles for optimal learning/ memory retention.

References

1. Beck, A. T. (1976). Cognitive Therapy and the Emotional Disorders. University Press.
2. Freud, S. (1900). The Interpretation of Dreams. Basic Books.
3. Rogers, C. R. (1961). On Becoming a Person: A Therapist's View of Psychotherapy. Houghton Mifflin.
4. Skinner, B. F. (1953). Science and Human Behavior. Free Press.
5. Kandel, E. R., Schwartz, J. H., & Jessell, T. M. (2000). Principles of Neural Science. McGraw-Hill.
6. Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2001). The role of rumination in depressive disorders and mixed anxiety/depression symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110(3), 353.
7. Zillmann, D. (1988). Mood Management in the Context of Selective Exposure Theory. Journal of Communication, 38(4), 115-128.
8. Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional Intelligence. Bantam Books.
9. Sapolsky, R. M. (2004). Why Zebras Don't Get Ulcers. Holt Paperbacks.
10. Chalmers, D. (1995). The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental Theory. Oxford University Press.