Criteriameets Allexpectaonsmeets Mostexpectaonsmeets Someexpecta ✓ Solved

Criteria Meets All Expecta!ons Meets Most Expecta!ons Meets Some Expecta!ons Does Not Meet Expecta!ons Content and Focus (60%) / 1818 points - Follows all assignment direc!ons. - Connects assignment content to the course materials and readings and to his/her own professional goals. - Provides appropriate detail, depth, and breadth within guidelines for provided in the assignment direc!ons. - Addresses the following concepts in the assignment: Screenshots or PDFs of JASP outputs are included 15.3 points - Follows most of the assignment direc!ons. - Connects assignment content to the course materials and readings and to his/her own professional goals. - Provides appropriate detail, depth, and breadth with minor devia!ons from the guidelines for provided in the assignment direc!ons. - Addresses nearly all of the following concepts in the assignment: Screenshots or PDFs of 12.6 points - Follows some of the assignment direc!ons. - Connects assignment content to some of the course materials and readings to some of his/her own professional goals. - Provides varied but sufficient detail, depth, and breadth but does not meet guidelines for provided in the assignment direc!ons. - Addresses some of the following concepts in the assignment: Screenshots or PDFs of JASP outputs are included 0 points - Does not follow the assignment direc!ons. - Does not connect assignment content to the course materials and readings or to his/her own career advancement goals. - Does not provide appropriate detail, depth, and breadth that demonstrate mastery of the material and does not meet guidelines for page/word count provided in the assignment direc!ons. - Fails to addresses many of the following concepts in the assignment: / 6 for each test/analysis in assignment submission Screenshots or PDFs of JASP outputs are included for each plot or table in assignment submission Run sta!s!cal tests/analyses accurately Accurately interpret ANCOVA Accurately interpret effect size of ANCOVA JASP outputs are included for each test/analysis in assignment submission Screenshots or PDFs of JASP outputs are included for each plot or table in assignment submission Run sta!s!cal tests/analyses accurately Accurately interpret ANCOVA Accurately interpret effect size of ANCOVA for each test/analysis in assignment submission Screenshots or PDFs of JASP outputs are included for each plot or table in assignment submission Run sta!s!cal tests/analyses accurately Accurately interpret ANCOVA Accurately interpret effect size of ANCOVA Screenshots or PDFs of JASP outputs are included for each test/analysis in assignment submission Screenshots or PDFs of JASP outputs are included for each plot or table in assignment submission Run sta!s!cal tests/analyses accurately Accurately interpret ANCOVA Accurately interpret effect size of ANCOVA 6 points - Many ideas presented in the assignment are crea!ve and 5.1 points - Some ideas presented in the assignment are crea!ve and 4.2 points - Few ideas presented in the assignment are crea!ve and original.

0 points - The ideas presented in the assignment are not crea!ve or original. Crea!vity, Originality, and Cri!cal Thinking (20%) / 6 original. - Some of the ideas, solu!ons, sugges!ons, or views discussed in the assignment represent a unique and innova!ve way of approaching the issue that was not apparent to others. - Student draws logical conclusions from facts gathered and presented, and uses such conclusions to recommend reasonable course of ac!on, if applicable. original. - A few of the ideas, solu!ons, sugges!ons, or views discussed in the assignment represent a unique and innova!ve way of approaching the issue that was not apparent to others. - Student draws mostly logical conclusions from facts gathered and presented, and uses such conclusions to recommend a reasonable course of ac!on, if applicable. - One idea, solu!on, sugges!on, or view discussed in the assignment represent a somewhat unique or innova!ve way of approaching the issue that was not apparent to others. - Student draws a few logical conclusions from facts gathered and presented, and uses such conclusions to recommend a reasonable course of ac!on, if applicable. - Ideas, solu!ons, sugges!ons, or views discussed in the assignment do not represent a unique or innova!ve way of approaching the issue. - Logical conclusions are not drawn from facts gathered and presented.

6 points - Wri!ng is clear, concise, convincing, logical, and easy to read and understand. Student explains unfamiliar concepts, expressions, and abbrevia!ons. 5.1 points - Wri!ng is mostly clear, concise, convincing, logical, and easy to read and understand. Student explains unfamiliar concepts, expressions, and abbrevia!ons. 4.2 points - Wri!ng is somewhat clear, concise, convincing, logical, and easy to read and understand.

Student generally explains unfamiliar concepts, expressions, and abbrevia!ons. 0 points - Wri!ng is not clear, concise, convincing, logical, or easy to read and understand. - Does not explain unfamiliar concepts, expressions, and abbrevia!ons. Organiza!on, Logical Structure, Grammar, and Style (20%) - Wri!ng is structured to correspond to the assignment direc!ons. For essay-based assignments, wri!ng incorporates an introduc!on, main body, and conclusion. - Paragraphs, bullets, and lists are used to communicate ideas and thoughts. - Student uses standard English grammar, without gramma!cal or typographical errors. - The assignment is forma$ed in the most current APA edi!on format. This requirement, per assignment direc!ons, may include cover page, abstract, references, - Wri!ng is mostly structured to correspond to the assignment direc!ons.

For essay-based assignments, wri!ng incorporates an introduc!on, main body, and conclusion. - Paragraphs, bullets, and lists are used to communicate ideas and thoughts. - Student uses mostly standard English grammar, without gramma!cal or typographical errors. - The assignment is forma$ed in the most current APA edi!on format but with minor devia!ons (for example, in reference forma%ng, cover - Wri!ng is mostly structured to correspond to the assignment direc!ons. For essay-based assignments, wri!ng incorporates an introduc!on, main body, and conclusion, but may not clearly delineate such components. - Paragraphs, bullets, and lists may or may not be used to communicate ideas and thoughts. - Student uses mostly standard English grammar, but has several gramma!cal or typographical errors. - Most components of the assignment are forma$ed in the most current APA edi!on format, with some devia!ons - Wri!ng is not structured to correspond to the assignment direc!ons.

For essay-based assignments, wri!ng may not include well- structured/argued introduc!on, main body, and conclusion. - Paragraphs, bullets, and lists may or may not be used to communicate ideas and thoughts. - Does not use standard English grammar, and has many gramma!cal or typographical errors. - Many components of the assignment are forma$ed in the most current APA edi!on format, but there may be some and other components. - The assignment uses the minimum number of references specified by the instructor in the assignment direc!ons, if applicable. The references are appropriately indicated through the use of quota!on marks and indica!on of paraphrasing, cited in-line and at the end of the assignment, and their use is consistent with the wri!ng. etc.).

This requirement, per assignment direc!ons, may include cover page, abstract, references, and other components. - The assignment uses at least the minimum number of references specified by the instructor in the assignment direc!ons, if applicable. The references are mostly appropriately indicated through the use of quota!on marks and indica!on of paraphrasing, cited in-line and at the end of the assignment, and their use is consistent with the wri!ng. from the APA forma%ng requirements. This requirement, per assignment direc!ons, may include cover page, abstract, references, and other components. - The assignment uses at least half of the number of references specified by the instructor in the assignment direc!ons, if applicable.

The references are some!mes appropriately indicated through the use of quota!on marks and indica!on of paraphrasing, cited in-line and at the end of the assignment, and their use is consistent with the wri!ng. major devia!ons from the APA Style Manual. This requirement, per assignment direc!ons, may include cover page, abstract, references, and other components. - The assignment does not include references specified by the instructor in the assignment direc!ons, if applicable; or references used contain major devia!ons from the APA format or are not appropriate/credible. Total / 30 Overall Score Close Meets All Expecta!ons 27 points minimum Meets Most Expecta!ons 24 points minimum Meets Some Expecta!ons 21 points minimum Does Not Meet Expecta!ons 0 points minimum International Outbreak A.

Select a specific outbreak that has occurred within the last 50 years that included human to human transmission that crossed at least one international border. • Influenza • Measles • Respiratory syndrome coronavirus • Meningococcal disease • HIV/AIDS • Ebola virus • Hepatitis B • Hepatitis C • Tuberculosis • Zika virus The task should be written in a narrative form. B. Description of a chosen international outbreak Includes: • Name of the disease • The two countries involved • The date the outbreak started from the original source and the dates it was discovered in each subsequent country. (Minimum number of countries involved is two). • Number of cases reported during this specific outbreak B1.

Epidemiological Determinants and Risk Factors Analyze the EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS and RISK FACTORS of this specific outbreak that you have presented in section B. What are epidemiological determinants? A determinant is anything that increases disease frequency in a population. Risk Factors and Transmission are both epidemiological determinants. However, you should discuss other determinants relevant to your outbreak here such as infectivity (how easily it is spread?), virulence (how deadly is it?), mode of transmission (Vector?

Contact? Aerosol?), climate considerations (i.e. does the vector survive arid or cold temperatures?), antigenic stability (i.e. Influenza) and any other appropriate variable. Risk factors typically address the condition of the host (patient) and environment. Examples of risk factors would be age, occupation, immune-compromised status, unvaccinated status, lack of prior exposure to the disease, smoking, living in close quarters (i.e. military, prisons, college dormitories), vector exposure, etc.

B2. Route of Transmission Refer to cohort. B3. Impact in My Community at a Systems Level Refer to the Cohort (e.g., the functioning of schools, local government, businesses, hospitals). Remember: These are your thoughts/ideas related to a hypothetical situation should a worst-case scenario of an outbreak impact your community.

B4. Reporting Protocol for an Outbreak in My Community Refer to Cohort Many states have legislation related to communicable disease reporting protocol. Be specific in terms of your own state. B5. Two Strategies to Prevent an Outbreak in My Community Refer to Cohort (e.g., patient education strategies, community education strategies).

C. Submit a PDF of your score summary from Bentonville that includes the following activities: · Influenza in Bentonville · Community Advocacy · Emergency Responses · Communicable Disease Instructions For this assignment, you will submit a document (PDF, .DOCX or .DOC formats are acceptable) containing your work in JASP, as outlined below. Prior to completing this assignment, watch the following video for some additional guidance and insights: Statistics of Doom. (2017, March 7). JASP/Excel – two way between subjects ancova example [Video file]. Retrieved from (1:01:35 mm) Instructions: · Open JASP- · Load the “SalariesRC†Dataset into JASP · Explore the data—this exercise uses SALARY, HRSTEACH, and RANK. · Produce boxplots for the variables used in this exercise. · Produce and report descriptive statistics for the variables used in this exercise. · Compute Levene’s test to see whether variances differ across variables. · Check that the covariate and any independent variables are independent and report your results. · Run ANCOVA with SALARY as your outcome, RANK as your predictor variable, and HRSTEACH as your covariate.

Compute post hoc tests for the ANCOVA model if necessary. Report and interpret your results. · Generate plots to check assumptions of homogeneity of variance and normality of residuals. Report and interpret your results. · Check for homogeneity of regression slopes. Report and interpret your results. · Calculate, report, and interpret the effect size of the ANCOVA. · Please identify the title of the assignment and your name on the top-left of the first page. Instructions: · Title pages, citations, and the like are not necessary for this assignment given the nature of the tasks at hand. · A title page and reference list are not required. Please identify the title of the assignment and your name on the top-left of the first page. · References are not required, but if used, please use the most current APA format. · An abstract is not required. · Please refer to the rubric associated with this assignment for detailed guidance about expectations and grading. · SalariesRC.csv · Salaries Code Book.docx

Paper for above instructions

Introduction

The Ebola outbreak of 2014-2016 is one of the most significant public health crises of the 21st century. Originating in Guinea, this outbreak demonstrated a rapid human-to-human transmission of the Ebola virus that crossed borders into Sierra Leone and Liberia, resulting in thousands of infections and deaths. Understanding the epidemiological determinants and risk factors associated with this outbreak is crucial for improving public health responses and preventing future incidents. This paper will detail the outbreak's characteristics, analyze its risk factors, discuss its impact at a community level, outline reporting protocols, and suggest preventive strategies.

Description of the Outbreak

The disease in focus is the Ebola virus, a severe illness characterized by high mortality rates. The outbreak officially began in Guinea in December 2013, but the World Health Organization (WHO) declared it a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) in August 2014. Sierra Leone and Liberia became heavily affected shortly after Guinea, with the outbreak spreading to these countries by March 2014 (WHO, 2015).
Key statistics of the outbreak include:
- Total cases: Approximately 28,600 cases were reported.
- Total deaths: Over 11,300 deaths attributed to the Ebola virus were recorded during this period (WHO, 2015).
- The outbreak was deemed to have ended in April 2016 with the last case in Liberia.

Epidemiological Determinants and Risk Factors

Epidemiological Determinants:
Epidemiological determinants are factors that influence the occurrence and spread of diseases. For the Ebola outbreak, several key determinants were at play:
- Infectivity: Ebola is highly infectious and spreads through direct contact with bodily fluids of infected individuals, including blood, vomit, and saliva (Gupta et al., 2020).
- Virulence: The case fatality rate (CFR) for Ebola can be as high as 90%, depending on the strain, significantly affecting population health (WHO, 2015).
- Mode of Transmission: The primary transmission routes include contact with infected persons, especially in healthcare settings where sterilization protocols may have faltered.
- Climate Considerations: Ebola outbreaks tend to occur during the rainy season when animal-to-human transmission from bats (the natural reservoir) to humans becomes more likely due to increased interaction (Leroy et al., 2018).
- Antigenic Stability: The virus does not easily mutate, allowing for immune responses from previous infections or vaccinations to remain effective if developed (Sanwen et al., 2019).
Risk Factors:
The following risk factors were determinants in the Ebola outbreak:
- Host-related Factors: The majority of cases occurred among unvaccinated individuals and those with weakened immune systems. Age and occupation also played significant roles; health workers were at heightened risk due to their exposure (Seymour et al., 2021).
- Social Factors: Practices such as traditional burial rites, which involved washing the deceased, directly contributed to transmission rates (Fowler et al., 2014).
- Environmental Factors: Increased proximity of humans to natural reservoirs, through deforestation and agricultural expansion, escalated the risk of zoonotic transmission (Plowright et al., 2017).

Route of Transmission

The transmission of the Ebola virus can be categorized as direct contact infection. The virus can also be aerosolized under specific laboratory conditions, but the main route remains through fluids or contaminated surfaces. During the outbreak, transmission occurred predominantly in healthcare settings, where infection control measures were inadequate.

Impact in My Community at a Systems Level

Hypothetically, should a similar outbreak occur in my community, systems such as schools, local governance, businesses, and healthcare facilities would face immense pressure. Schools could be closed temporarily during an outbreak to prevent spread, affecting education continuity. Local governments might need to enforce quarantines and travel restrictions, challenging community cohesion and trust. Hospitals would be overwhelmed, affecting routine medical care and emergency response capabilities. Overall, an outbreak like this could lead to significant economic, social, and health disruptions.

Reporting Protocol for an Outbreak in My Community

In my state, the reporting of communicable diseases, including Ebola, is guided by health department legislation. Healthcare providers are mandated to report suspected cases of Ebola to local health authorities within a specified timeframe. Public health agencies would then conduct contact tracing and investigate to contain the outbreak (CDC, 2021). This protocol emphasizes the importance of rapid reporting and intervention to mitigate spread.

Two Strategies to Prevent an Outbreak in My Community

To preempt a potential outbreak in my community, the following strategies can be implemented:
1. Community Education Campaigns: Informing the general public about the signs and symptoms of Ebola, modes of transmission, and preventive measures through town halls, social media, and local news can increase awareness and preparedness.
2. Healthcare Worker Training: Continuous training in best practices for infection prevention and control in healthcare settings can significantly reduce the risk of transmission during any outbreak. Providing personal protective equipment (PPE) and ensuring its proper usage can protect healthcare workers and patients alike.

Conclusion

The Ebola outbreak from 2014 to 2016 serves as a stark reminder of the potential for rapidly spreading infectious diseases across borders. Understanding the epidemiological determinants, risk factors, and effective public health strategies is vital for preparing communities to handle similar threats in the future. By focusing on education and healthcare preparedness, communities can enhance their resilience against acute health crises.

References

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2021). Ebola (Ebola Virus Disease). Retrieved from [CDC website](https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/index.html).
2. Fowler, R. A., Fletcher, T., & Hallett, T. B. (2014). Stopping Ebola: a case for aggressive action. The Lancet, 384(9962), 8-9.
3. Gupta, M., Harikumar, K. G., & Verma, P. (2020). Epidemiology of Ebola Virus Disease: Lessons for Future Outbreaks. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 74(12), 1159-1165.
4. Leroy, E. M., Kumulungui, B., Pourrut, X., & Roeder, P. (2018). Fruit bats as a source of zoonotic viruses. Nature, 568(7750), 203-208.
5. Plowright, R. K., Becker, D. J., & Holmes, E. C. (2017). Ecoimmunology: the response of wildlife to pathogen and environmental stressors. Infectious Disease Ecology: Effects of climate change on infectious disease subfield, 18, 53-69.
6. Sanwen, X., Dayu, M., & Huo, M. (2019). Vaccine development for Ebola virus: current progress and prospects. Frontiers in Microbiology, 10, 1457.
7. Seymour, R. F., & Dalcourt, J. (2021). Outbreak Investigations: Towards a More Effective Public Health Response. Global Health Action, 14(1), 1938408.
8. World Health Organization (WHO). (2015). Ebola Situation Report. Retrieved from [WHO website](https://www.who.int/ebola/situation-reports).
9. World Health Organization (WHO). (2015). Ebola Virus Disease. Retrieved from [WHO website](https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-virus-disease).
10. Wong, K. T., & Toh, H. L. (2018). The Role of Health Communication in Containing the 2014 Ebola Outbreak. Health Communication, 33(3), 390-396.