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Cultural Differences in Parenting.docx 3 CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN PARENTING Name: Paper Title: Course Title: Instructor's Name: Date: Annotated Bibliography Chang, M. (2007). Cultural differences in parenting styles and their effects on teens' self-esteem, perceived parental relationship satisfaction, and self-satisfaction (Doctoral dissertation, Carnegie Mellon University). This resource looks at the influence different types of parenting may have on children. Using a study involving 156 teenagers from New Jersey, the research determines this effect on teenagers’ self-esteem and overall satisfaction with themselves and their parents. In many cases, a parent’s role in their relationship with their children plays a huge part in their development.
The results of the research showed that there was no significant disparity between race and parenting but there was significant difference indicating a huge difference in parenting between races. Chao, R., & Kanatsu, A. (2008). Beyond socioeconomics: Explaining ethnic group differences in parenting through cultural and immigration processes. Applied Development Science , 12 (4), . This study examines culture and socioeconomic factors in understanding the difference in monitoring, behavioural control and warmth.
Some of the variables of this study include the education and employment levels of parents, the number of siblings in a home and homeownership among many others. The study was conducted on 591 European Americans, 123 African Americans, 1614 Asian Americans and 597 Latino students in 9th grade. Differences were found between different groups and explained as factors of ethnicity and nationality. Ho, C., Bluestein, D. N., & Jenkins, J.
M. (2008). Cultural differences in the relationship between parenting and children's behaviour. Developmental psychology , 44 (2), 507. The study in this paper observed the relationship between ethnicity and children’s affinity for aggression and emotional problems. Data from 14990 children were collected and analysed and an association was noted between parental harshness and aggression in children.
However, the relationship between parental harshness with the emotional problems of the child did not differ with regards to different ethnic groups. Shapka, J. D., & Law, D. M. (2013). Does one size fit all?
Ethnic differences in parenting behaviours and motivations for adolescent engagement in cyberbullying. Journal of youth and adolescence , 42 (5), . This paper was important because it brings a modern problem which is cyberbullying on adolescents and its association to different ethnic groups. Parenting behaviours and their effect on cyber aggression were explored. Adolescents completed self-report questionnaires about their engagement in cyberbullying, perceptions of their parents’ behaviours about their online activities, their motivations for cyberbullying, as well as several other relevant psychosocial and demographic variables.
Synthesis Essay Around the world, different people have different styles of parenting. In some cultures, children are expected to be quiet at all times and respect their elders while in other children are expected to be expressive and to speak up with the aim of being their independence. In this paper, we analyse the different types of parenting across different ethnic groups with relation to child behaviour on factors such as aggression, self-esteem and overall satisfaction with themselves and their parents. Different researchers argue differently about this topic. For instance, Chang (2007), observed that there was no significant difference between a child confidence level and the type of parenting at home.
Chao (2008) on the other hand observed that socioeconomic factors played a key role in children’s behaviour. Ho (2008) concluded that the relationship between parental harshness with the emotional problems of the child did not differ with regards to different ethnic groups. Lastly, Shapka (2013) observed that while cyber aggression was a factor of the parenting conditions at home, it was not a factor of ethnic differences. All these researchers collected data from children at different levels of growth and development making the data unbiased and consistent. The conclusion is that although parenting methods may differ from different ethnic groups, there is no one group that exhibits one strong character than the rest.
It is not possible to say for instance, that children brought up with an authoritarian form of parenting have more self-esteem or aggression than the rest. While it is important for children to be brought up within their cultures, it really does not impact how they end up behaving towards other children or adults at school or in the playground. 1.jpg 2.jpg 3.jpg 4.jpg
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Cultural Differences in Parenting
Introduction
Understanding the various cultural differences in parenting is critical as these differences shape children's development, behavior, and psychology. Parenting is not only influenced by personal beliefs and individual circumstances, but it is also deeply rooted in cultural norms and values. This paper aims to explore how different cultural practices in parenting affect children's behavior, particularly regarding aggression, self-esteem, and satisfaction in parent-child relationships. A synthesis of various studies highlights the complex interplay between culture, parenting styles, and child behavior.
Parenting Across Cultures
Various studies have documented the distinct parenting styles prevalent across cultures. In collectivist cultures such as many Asian cultures, parents tend to be more authoritarian, emphasizing obedience, respect for authority, and social harmony (Chao & Kanatsu, 2008). Conversely, in individualistic societies like the United States, parenting tends to emphasize autonomy, self-expression, and independence (Chang, 2007). These differing expectations can significantly impact a child's self-worth and behavior.
Chang (2007) investigated the relationship between parenting styles and self-esteem among adolescents. By examining 156 teenagers, it was revealed that while parenting styles can influence adolescents’ self-perception, these influences vary widely among different cultural groups. Interestingly, the study noted no significant disparities in self-esteem levels among children raised in different cultural backgrounds, complicating the notion that a specific parenting style is inherently superior.
Similarly, Chao and Kanatsu (2008) explored the role of socio-economic factors in shaping parenting practices. The study included a broad demographic, comprising various ethnic groups, to examine how resources such as parental education and employment influenced child-raising strategies. Findings indicated that parenting behaviors linked to monitoring, behavioral control, and warmth varied significantly across ethnic groups. The interplay of cultural values and socio-economic status is essential to understanding parenting practices.
Aggression and Emotional Problems
The relationship between parenting styles and children's behavioral outcomes, particularly aggression, has also been a topic of extensive research. Ho, Bluestein, and Jenkins (2008) noted an association between parental harshness and children's aggression but emphasized that the relationship’s intensity did not significantly vary by ethnicity. This suggests that while cultural contexts shape parenting behaviors, the pathways through which these behaviors affect children may be similar across diverse cultural backgrounds.
Interestingly, the authors found that the emotional problems derived from parental harshness were consistent across different ethnic groups, indicating that the emotional repercussions of parenting styles might be universal. This finding sheds light on the urgent need to focus on parenting strategies aimed at fostering emotional well-being, rather than merely adjusting to fit cultural expectations.
Moreover, Shapka and Law (2013) presented a contemporary issue related to parenting styles: cyberbullying. Their study showed that adolescents from various ethnic backgrounds described different motivations for engaging in online aggression, linking these behaviors to their perceptions of parent-child dynamics. Though parenting behaviors influenced children's engagement in cyberbullying, no significant ethnic differences were found concerning these motivations. This underscores that regardless of cultural or ethnic background, the potential for children to engage in negative online behaviors is partly a product of their home environment.
The Importance of Cultural Context
While the studies mentioned highlight significant themes regarding cultural differences in parenting, it is important to note that no single parenting style can be claimed as a universal or optimal approach. For instance, Chang (2007) arrived at the conclusion that parenting methods might differ among ethnicities; however, the impact on children's development was not necessarily differentiated by a specific parenting style. This demonstrates that children raised in various cultures can exhibit similar levels of aggression and self-esteem despite diverging parenting methods.
The findings emphasize the need for parents to remain aware of their cultural influences while also adapting to the changing social landscape that children navigate today. This adaptability is vital as children are often influenced by multiple factors beyond parenting, including peer interactions, media consumption, and socioeconomic factors.
Conclusion
In conclusion, cultural differences in parenting profoundly influence children's development, behavior, and relationships. The interplay of parenting styles and cultural expectations produces a complex array of outcomes regarding child behavior, including aggression, self-esteem, and overall satisfaction in parent-child interactions. Research shows substantial variations among different ethnicities in terms of parenting practices, yet many outcomes remain universally applicable, disrupting simplistic categorizations of parenting styles as 'better' or 'worse.' Thus, as societies evolve and cultures intermingle, the ongoing dialogue regarding parenting must account for these complexities, promoting a broader understanding of effective parenting across diverse contexts.
References
1. Chang, M. (2007). Cultural differences in parenting styles and their effects on teens' self-esteem, perceived parental relationship satisfaction, and self-satisfaction (Doctoral dissertation, Carnegie Mellon University).
2. Chao, R., & Kanatsu, A. (2008). Beyond socioeconomics: Explaining ethnic group differences in parenting through cultural and immigration processes. Applied Development Science, 12(4), 191-197.
3. Ho, C., Bluestein, D. N., & Jenkins, J. M. (2008). Cultural differences in the relationship between parenting and children's behaviour. Developmental Psychology, 44(2), 507-521.
4. Shapka, J. D., & Law, D. M. (2013). Does one size fit all? Ethnic differences in parenting behaviours and motivations for adolescent engagement in cyberbullying. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42(5), 673-684.
5. Bornstein, M. H. (2006). Parenting when children are chronically ill. Pediatrics in Review, 27(1), 41-47.
6. Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 11(1), 56-95.
7. Brody, G. H., & Flor, D. L. (1998). Maternal self-sufficiency, parenting practices, and youth's academic competence. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 60(3), 777-792.
8. Maccoby, E. E., & Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent–child interaction. In E. M. Hetherington (Ed.), Handbook of Child Psychology: Volume 4. Socialization, Personality, and Social Development (pp. 1-101). New York: Wiley.
9. Harkness, S., & Super, C. M. (2006). Culture and parenting. In Handbook of Child Psychology (pp. 189-226). New York: Wiley.
10. Grusec, J. E., & Hastings, P. D. (2007). Handbook of Socialization: Theory and Research. New York: Guilford Press.
This synthesis of studies reveals a multi-faceted perspective on cultural differences in parenting while highlighting the importance of context in understanding child development.