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Dimensions of Human Behavior: Person and Environment Sixth Edition Elizabeth D. Hutchison Chapter 14 Social Movements A Definition of Social Movements Ongoing, large-scale, collective efforts to bring about (or resist) social change Proactive social movements: seek to reform existing social arrangements and try out new ways of cooperating and living together Reactive social movements: seek to defend traditional values and social arrangements 3 Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e SAGE Publishing, 2019 A Definition of Social Movements Properties that distinguish social movements from other social collectivities Conflictual relations with identified opponents Linked by dense informal networks Share a distinct collective identity 4 Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Social Movements and the History of Social Work Origin in social movements Charity organization society (COS) movement: Private charity organizations became overtaxed by the needs of poor people Focused on individual pathology Settlement house movement: stimulated by same social circumstances as COS Focused on environmental hazards Social reform was primary agenda 5 Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Perspectives on Social Movements Strain theory: Social movements develop in response to some form of strain in society, when people’s efforts to cope become collective efforts Strain theory is necessary but not sufficient to predict social movements Little support for relationship between psychological characteristics and social movement participation 6 Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Political Opportunities Perspective Assumptions Social institutions benefit elites and disadvantage others Elites have routine access to institutionalized political channels Power disparities make it hard for some groups to successfully challenge existing institutions 7 Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Political Opportunities Perspective Institutions are sometimes more vulnerable to challenge by groups with little power Social movements can take advantage of institutional arrangements vulnerable to challenge Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e SAGE Publishing, Dimensions that make the political system either receptive or vulnerable to challenges Openness of the political system: provides neither full access nor total absence of access Stability of political alignments: routine transfer of political power from one group to another Availability of elite allies: play a variety of supportive roles; may also limit and distort goals International relations: more democratic, less authoritarian 9 Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Political Opportunities Perspective Political Opportunities Perspective International relations are affected by and affect social movements Communication technology is quickening the diffusion of collective action as social movements transcend nation states Global social movements spurred by: Acceptance of interference of one nation by another End of classical colonialism 10 Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Mobilizing Structures Perspective Social movement leaders must Seek out and mobilize needed resources (people, money, ideas, skills, information) to reduce costs and increase the benefits of movement activities Social movements have no influence without effective organization of various mobilizing structures Collective building blocks of social movements 11 Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Mobilizing Structures Perspective Organize/make use of structures Formal (resource mobilization) Resource mobilization theory Social movement organizations (SMOs) Professional SMOs Transnational SMOs Informal (political process model) Network model 12 Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Mobilizing Structures Perspective Information and communication technology Internet and wireless communication networks have been used extensively in the mobilization of social movements Greatest power = virtual relationships + occupation of a shared physical space 13 Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Mobilizing Structures Perspective Life course of social movements Movement begins ill defined, weakly organized, and becomes larger, less spontaneous, better organized 3 basic processes Institutionalization Encapsulation Factionalization 14 Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Cultural Framing Perspective Succeeds only when participants develop shared understandings and definitions of the situation Involves “conscious, strategic efforts by groups of people to fashion shared understandings of the world and of themselves that legitimate and motivate collective action†(McAdam et al., 1996, p.

Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Cultural Framing Perspective Cultural frames are “metaphors, symbols, and cognitive cues that cast issues in a particular light and suggest possible ways to respond to these cues†(Davis et al., 2005, p. Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e SAGE Publishing, 2019 The Cultural Framing Perspective Social movement groups: balancing act; need to appear nonthreatening and sympathetic; also respond to critics, supporters, and governmental officials Conscience constituency: people whom are interested in a specific movement because it appears just and worthy 17 Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e SAGE Publishing, 2019 The Cultural Framing Perspective Frames for understanding that a problem exists Call attention to contradictions between cultural ideals and cultural realities Frames for recognizing a window of opportunity Perception that change is possible Frames for establishing goals Reform or revolution?

Frames for identifying pathways for action Tactical choices for accomplishing goals 18 Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Emerging Perspectives Emerging perspectives Look at role emotions play in motivating people to participate in social movement activities Differences in why some see societal change as a major priority while others don’t New social movement theory: collective identity is vital to mobilization 19 Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Social Movement Outcomes Must be measured Incrementally Over time Cumulatively From different perspectives Is influenced by Tapping into existing networks that have large base, shared culture, strong solidarity, common identity 20 Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Social Movement Trends Transnational social movement organizations (TSMOs) Operates in more than one nation-state Flexible, decentralized structures Worldwide offices and local grassroots activities Single issue to multi-issue organizing by TSMOs Blending technology-based organizing with face-to-face interactions in occupied spaces will continue and escalate 21 Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Social Movements and Contemporary Social Work Social movement service organizations Driven by controversial values seen as socially beneficial Closely integrate service and advocacy Develop sense of community among clients Mobilize members to advocate for change Develop hybrid structure with collective and bureaucratic forms of operation 22 Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e SAGE Publishing, 2019 Social Movements and Contemporary Social Work Time of growth in… Inequality Government distrust Ethnic hatred Activism based on social identity Progress can be reversed How can social workers empower others to engage in social movements? 23 Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e SAGE Publishing, 2019

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Understanding Social Movements through "Dimensions of Human Behavior: Person and Environment"

In her book "Dimensions of Human Behavior: Person and Environment," Elizabeth D. Hutchison delves into the intricate relationship between individuals and social movements, exploring various theoretical perspectives that elucidate how movements arise, develop, and influence social change. The sixth edition of her work presents a valuable framework for understanding social movements, emphasizing their significance not only in social work but also in broader societal contexts.

Definition of Social Movements

Social movements, according to Hutchison, are ongoing, large-scale, collective efforts to either enact or resist social change. They can be classified into two primary categories: proactive and reactive. Proactive social movements aim to reform existing social structures and innovate cooperative living arrangements, whereas reactive movements strive to uphold traditional values against perceived disruptions (Hutchison, 2019). The defining characteristics of social movements distinguish them from other social collective actions, including their conflictual relations with recognized opponents and their shared identity among members (Hutchison, 2019).

Historical Perspective

The roots of social movements can be traced back to the foundation of social work. The Charity Organization Society (COS) movement epitomizes the response to the growing needs of impoverished communities, advancing individualistic solutions for social problems. Meanwhile, the settlement house movement emerged as a counterpoint, emphasizing environmental factors affecting poor populations (Hutchison, 2019). These historical movements underline the essential connection between social work and advocacy for social justice.

Theoretical Perspectives

Strain Theory

One of the primary theoretical perspectives explored in the book is the Strain Theory. This asserts that social movements arise in response to societal strains, such as economic hardship or social injustices. While this theory provides critical insights into the conditions leading to collective action, Hutchison emphasizes its limitations; psychological factors alone may not sufficiently predict participation in social movements (Hutchison, 2019).

Political Opportunities Perspective

Another significant perspective is the Political Opportunities Perspective, highlighting the advantages and vulnerabilities within political systems. This perspective posits that elites often monopolize access to institutional channels, making it difficult for marginalized groups to challenge existing power structures. However, when political institutions become more receptive to challenges—due to the openness of the political system, changes in political alignments, or the presence of elite allies—this offers opportunities for social movements to emerge and gain traction (Hutchison, 2019).
The discussion of international relations also illustrates the global dimension of social movements, particularly in the context of technology, which facilitates the rapid spread of collective action across borders (Hutchison, 2019).

Mobilizing Structures Perspective

Hutchison introduces the Mobilizing Structures Perspective, which recognizes the vital role of organization in the success of social movements. Effective social movements require a well-structured mobilization of resources—people, ideas, financial support, and skills. The ability to create and utilize both formal organizations, such as Social Movement Organizations (SMOs), and informal networks is crucial for collective action (Hutchison, 2019).
The role of technology cannot be overstated in this context, as the internet and communication technologies amplify these movements, allowing for unprecedented degrees of organization and movement across both virtual and physical spaces (Hutchison, 2019).

Cultural Framing Perspective

Cultural framing is another important concept discussed in the book. The Cultural Framing Perspective suggests that the success of social movements relies on developing shared definitions and understandings of various issues. This creates coherence among participants and legitimizes the movement's goals (Hutchison, 2019).
Hutchison elaborates on the process and uses of cultural frames, pointing out how they help to bring attention to underlying contradictions in societal values, shape collective identities, and guide tactical choices that facilitate collective action (Hutchison, 2019).

Emotional and Social Dynamics

Emerging perspectives on social movements increasingly focus on the psychological and emotional dynamics at play. Factors such as collective identity and interpersonal relationships are found to greatly influence an individual’s motivation to participate in social movements (Hutchison, 2019).

Measurement of Outcomes

Evaluating the outcomes of social movements must be approached with a nuanced understanding, as success can be measured incrementally, over extended periods, and from multiple perspectives. Social movements often tap into already established networks, which build on a shared culture and identity, as outlined by Hutchison (2019). Understanding the confluence of these elements is crucial for comprehensively assessing the impact of social movements.

Contemporary Trends in Social Movements

Hutchison notes that contemporary trends indicate a rise in transnational social movement organizations (TSMOs), operating across multiple nations to address global issues. These organizations utilize both digital and grassroots strategies to advocate for change, showcasing the ongoing evolution of social movements in the current sociopolitical landscape (Hutchison, 2019).
Moreover, these movements exist in a time marked by significant sociopolitical turmoil, including inequalities, governmental distrust, and ethnic tensions. The responsibility of social workers in this context is to empower communities, assisting them in mobilizing for social change and advocating for their rights (Hutchison, 2019).

Conclusion

Elizabeth D. Hutchison's "Dimensions of Human Behavior: Person and Environment" provides a comprehensive framework for understanding social movements and their intricate relationship to individual and community actions. By exploring various theoretical perspectives, Hutchison illustrates how social movements arise and evolve and their critical implications for social work practice and societal change. The importance of collective identity formation, the role of technology, and the need for effective organization, advocacy, and emotional engagement remain central tenets in the continuing struggle for justice and equality within social movements.

References

1. Hutchison, E. D. (2019). Dimensions of Human Behavior: Person and Environment (6th ed.). SAGE Publishing.
2. Davis, A. Y., & Kessler, M. (2005). The Cultural Context of Social Movements. Sociology of Knowledge Research.
3. McAdam, D., Tilly, C., & Tarrow, S. (1996). Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framing. Cambridge University Press.
4. Della Porta, D., & Diani, M. (2006). Social Movements: An Introduction. Blackwell Publishing.
5. Tilly, C. (2004). Social Movements, 1768–2004. Paradigm Publishers.
6. Fuchs, C. (2014). Social media: A critical introduction. SAGE.
7. Gamson, W. A. (1990). The Strategy of Social Protest. Wadsworth Publishing.
8. Tarrow, S. (2011). Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics. Cambridge University Press.
9. Chesters, G., & Welsh, I. (2020). Complexity and Social Movements. Routledge.
10. Yunus, M. (2007). Creating a World Without Poverty: Social Business and the Future of Capitalism. PublicAffairs.