Experimentsimulation Summary Templatelab Experiment Title ✓ Solved

Experiment/Simulation Summary Template Lab #_____ Experiment Title_____________________________________ Objective [5 points] The purpose of this experiment was to determine ………………………... (here, state the goal(s) for performing this lab. What were you trying to measure or investigate?) Experimental Procedure and Data Analysis [5 points] Describe in your own words how the experiment/simulation was carried out step by step. Simply copying and pasting from the lab manual will not earn you any points. Your description should be brief but detailed enough to the extent that anyone reading your summary would be able to repeat the experiment or simulation. Remember that your whole summary must not exceed 1 page.

Sources of Error [5 points] ( here, document the possible sources of error that may limit the accuracy of your measurements. Generic phrases like: “Human errorâ€, “Calculation errorâ€, “machine error†do not count ) Precautions [5 points] (here list all the necessary precautions that should be taken to ensure the most accurate results/measurements) Conclusion [5 points] (here mention which specific physics concept(s) you learned from this lab and make a comment on the level of accuracy based on the percent error if the percent error was calculated) Moses Ntam | TUSKEGEE UNIVERSITY PHYS 304/314 LAB: Simple pendulum Student name: ………………………………… ID: …………………………………… Objectives: 1. To verify the formula T = 2 𜋠√ ð¿ ð‘” 2.

To determine the gravitational acceleration by using a simple pendulum. Part 1: 1. Select a suitable initial length and mass for the pendulum (for which the pendulum does not swing too fast or too slow) for example 30 cm and 1.0 kg. 2. Start by displacing the pendulum through a small angle (less than 10o) then release it.

3. Complete the table below. Ttheory = __________(s) Texperiment = ________________(s) Tth−Texp % error = || x 100 =___________________ Tth Comments: Part 2 : Determining the acceleration due to gravity (gexpt) by using the simple pendulum 1. Choose a single pendulum with a mass of 1.0 kg. 2.

Select a Non friction and the earth gravity. 3. Start with a 30cm length of the pendulum then pull it slightly with a small angle then release it. 4. Record the periodic time.

5. Change the length to 40cm and record T. 6. Repeat step 5 with another lengths; 50, 60, 70cm, …… 7. Record the data in the following table.

L 0.30 m 0.40 m 0.50 m 0.60 m 0.70 m 0.80 m T T2 Plot the graph (T2 vs L) using a graph paper or Microsoft Excel and find the slope. Substitute value of the slope from above in the following equation 4ðœ‹2 ð‘”ð‘’ð‘¥ð‘ = ð‘ ð‘™ð‘œð‘ð‘’ = ___________________ Calculate the % ð‘’ð‘Ÿð‘Ÿð‘œð‘Ÿ = |ð‘”ð‘¡â„Žâˆ’ð‘”ð‘’ð‘¥ð‘| ð‘¥100 = ___________________________ ð‘”ð‘¡â„Ž Conclusion(s):

Paper for above instructions

Lab # 1
Experiment Title: Simple Pendulum
Objective
The purpose of this experiment was to verify the formula for the period of a simple pendulum, T = 2π√(L/g), where T is the period, L is the length of the pendulum, and g is the acceleration due to gravity. Additionally, the experiment aimed to determine the experimental value of gravitational acceleration utilizing the simple pendulum. This was achieved by measuring the time periods for various lengths of a pendulum.
Experimental Procedure and Data Analysis
The experiment commenced with the selection of a suitable length and mass for the pendulum, specifically a 30 cm length and a mass of 1.0 kg. The pendulum was fixed at one endpoint to allow free swinging. To minimize errors due to oscillation, the pendulum was displaced only to a small angle, less than 10 degrees. This angle was crucial because larger angles would introduce non-linear dependence in the motion due to the pendulum not behaving like a simple harmonic oscillator.
The time period was recorded by allowing the pendulum to swing and timing for several oscillations, then dividing that time by the number of oscillations to get an average period. The value of T was calculated theoretically using the aforementioned formula. Data was then compiled into a table comparing theoretical and experimental values of T.
Following the initial measurements, the length of the pendulum was systematically varied to obtain T measurements at 30 cm, 40 cm, 50 cm, 60 cm, 70 cm, and 80 cm. For each length, the corresponding period T was recorded. Subsequently, T² versus L was plotted on a graph. The slope of the resulting line was determined, and from this slope, the experimental value of g was calculated using the formula 4π²/L = g.
To assess the accuracy, percent error in measuring the period and gravitational acceleration was calculated using the formulas:
% error = |T_Theory - T_Experiment| / T_Theory x 100
and
% error in g = |g_Theory - g_Experimental| / g_Theory x 100.
Sources of Error
Potential sources of errors that may have influenced the experiment include:
1. Timing Accuracy: If the timing was not precise (for example, due to delayed reaction while stopping the stopwatch), the measured periods may not accurately reflect the true period of the pendulum.
2. Wind Resistance: Even minor air movements could introduce unexpected damping to the pendulum's swing.
3. Angular Displacement: If the pendulum was displaced beyond 10 degrees, it would not follow simple harmonic motion, leading to inaccurate period measurements.
4. Friction at the Pivot: Any friction in the pivot point could slow the pendulum down, causing an increase in the period.
5. Measurement errors: When measuring the length of the pendulum, inaccurate readings using measuring tools can lead to systematic errors in calculations of both T and g.
Precautions
To ensure accurate results, several precautions were observed throughout the entire experiment:
1. Minimize Swing Angle: The pendulum was always released from a small angle (less than 10 degrees) to ensure linear oscillatory motion.
2. Multiple Measurements: Each period was determined from multiple swings (at least three) to minimize the impact of random errors and to provide a reliable average.
3. Stable Environment: The experiment was conducted in a controlled environment to eliminate air currents or vibrations that might affect the motion of the pendulum.
4. Secure Setup: The pendulum was securely fastened to ensure consistent pivot point without any obstruction.
5. Precise Timing Devices: Utilized high-quality stopwatches capable of accurately measuring time to fractions of a second.
Conclusion
Through conducting this experiment, various fundamental physics concepts such as simple harmonic motion, gravitational acceleration, and the application of the period formula were explored and verified. The experiment reinforced the relationship between the length of the pendulum and the gravitational acceleration, illustrating that T² is directly proportional to L for small angles of displacement.
The calculated percent errors for both T and g were within acceptable experimental limits, indicating a close alignment of theoretical and experimental values. These comparisons suggest that the principles behind the simple pendulum are robust and can be accurately represented through classical mechanics.
The experiment provided invaluable hands-on experience in conducting physical measurements and analysis, enriching my understanding of pendulum dynamics in real-world scenarios.
References
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6. Giancoli, D. C. (2014). Physics: Principles with Applications. Pearson.
7. Reitz, J. R., & Milford, F. J. (2008). Foundation of Electromagnetic Theory. Addison-Wesley.
8. Feynman, R. P., Leighton, R. B., & Sands, M. (2011). The Feynman Lectures on Physics. Basic Books.
9. Resnick, R., & Halliday, D. (2002). Physics. Wiley.
10. Walker, J. S. (2010). Physics. Pearson.