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FOREIGN POLICY .14/115 = A+ Foreign Policy of USA Under George H.W. Bush and Georg W. Bush By Kendall Brooks Intro to Public Policy Analysis Dr. Timothy Smith Strayer University January 25, 2021 Foreign Policy of USA under George H.W. Bush and Georg W.

Bush George H.W Bush and George W. Bush are two former presidents of the United States of America who ruled the country in a critical phase of history. George H.W Bush assumed power when the cold war was in its last breath. The period was significant for America and had a profound impact on the entire world simply because the end of the cold war led to the emergence of new world order. In this juncture of history, George H.

W. Bush's foreign policy has been remarkable, particularly for international law supremacy. Senior Bush's political insight and ability to understand the foreign policy and complexities of the situation were fair enough to shift the world from the cold war to the new world order. During his entire time, he focused on international laws, took consultative policies, accepted multilateralism, and avoid unilateral decisions. Unlike his father, George W.

Bush pursued his foreign policy in different ways. George W. Bush's foreign policy mostly revolved around his nationalism and his unilateralism. Disregard his allies and world views. Junior Bush framed policies in foreign affairs that impacted America's social and economic matters but have a profound and disastrous impact on some parts of the world.

His approach to the war on terror persists even after two decades of its initiation, putting an adverse effect on America and the regional economy. Moreover, his unilateral foreign policy maligned America's position on Human Rights, international laws, and globalization. The following are the details of senior and junior Bush's foreign policy of the United States of America (Reilly 2006). Foreign Policy of George H. W.

Bush As the 41st president of the United States of America, George H. W. Bush came into power in 1989. It was a time when the Soviet Union was disintegrated after four and half decades of ideological and economic war with the United States of America. In this critical juncture of history, it was imperative to have a statesman who led America and give direction to the rest of the world.

Being a sole superpower, it was indispensable for the United States of America to lead the world. Keeping the view of this importance, George H. W Bush gave a new guideline to the world what we called "The New World Order." The new world order was a guideline that how the international system should run. Previously there were two aggressive approaches: Soviet-led communism and USA lead capitalism. The Soviet Union's disintegration provided an open field for America to implement its agendas that had long been struggled for them.

The situation in the Middle East was also different in those days. Iraq- Iran war, though, ended but had put adverse impact on the regional peace. Moreover, the Iraq attack on Kuwait's small kingdom has created another challenge for America in the post-Cold War phase. Reacting to the Iraq action, George H.W. Bush demanded a complete withdrawal of the Iraqi force.

Consulted with allies, the United Nations, and even with the broken Soviet Union, United States used force against Iraq. Since the U.N. Resolution's very purpose was to evict the Iraqi force from Kuwait, George H.W. Bush did not need advanced and remained under the aspiration of U.N. resolution (Nelson 2014). Foreign Policy of George W.

Bush George w. Bush came into power in 2000 and ruled the country with different foreign affairs approaches. Unlike his father, George W. Bush's foreign policy was assertive, unilateral, and nationalist. He focused more on America than the rest of the world.

His predecessors advocated globalization, international laws, human rights, etc., but George W. Bush completely deviated from these norms. Like his father, W. Bush renovated the American military and spent more its rebuilding. But unlike his father, he initiated a costly national missile defense system that protects America against the enemy's missile.

His primary focus remained on federal building and disregarded globalization. With his unilateral decision, Mr. W. Bush rejected the 1997 Koyoto Protocol, a commitment of the international community to thwart the hazardous gaseous emission; withdrawal of International Criminal Court (ICC), which had a deal to punish the culprit who abuses human rights; and imposed a unilateral tariff on steel which deviates the principle of World Trade Organization (WTO) discourage protectionism. Through these decisions, he turned from international norms, human rights, and fair trade.

In the initial time, his unilateral approaches annoyed enemies and friends alike. The unfortunate tragedy of 9/11 provided him an excuse to advance his expansionist policies. Immediately after an attack on New York and Washington on September 11, 2001, W. Bush declared war against Al-Qaida and its facilitators. In October 2001, the United States of America invaded Afghanistan and toppled the Taliban government in Afghanistan (Guzzini 2002).In 2003, Bush invaded Iraq and eliminated Saddam Hussain.

Though the attack on Afghanistan was invoked by article 51 of the UN Charter, which gives to self-defense, the Iraq attack by the United States was unilateral and against international laws' norms. U.N. did not allow invading Iraq, but this decision was unilateral. The unilateral decision of W. George W. Bush's policy related to Saddam Hussain of Iraq was of his view that the latter could pose a threat to Jews and Americans in the Middle East.

Under the guise of the Weapon of Mass, Destruction America attach to Iraq. On the other hand, Bush remained cautious in dealing with Korea and Iran's nuclear programs. Bush's policies had an economic and social impact on the United States and the world. The excessive spending on the military, open two wars, and tax cuts had a tremendous impact on the United States of America's economy. Critique of Policies of Both the administrations The foreign policy of George H.W Bush always remained pragmatic and consultative.

After the end of the cold war, it was necessary to give a new order. He valued international laws and adhered to globalism. On the other hand, the junior Bush was nationalist, disregarded international norms, and formulated foreign policies unilaterally. George W. Bush's policies not only affected America but equally harmed the world at large.

The economic impact of Bush's foreign policy still affects the world. References Guzzini, Stefano. 2002. Foreign Policy Without Diplomacy: Bush Administration at Crossroad. International Relation, 16(2).

Pp . Reilly, Marc J.O. 2006. Like father, like son? A comprehensive of the foreign policies of George H.W.

Bush and George W. Bush. Historical Actual Online (10). Pp 17-36 Nelson, Michael & Barber A. peery. 2014.

Inside the Presidency of George H. W. Bush. New York: Cornell University Press. Powaski, Ronald E. (n.d).

Ideals, Interests and U.S Foreign Policies from George H. W Bush to Donald Trump. Berlin: springerlink. FOREIGN POLICY /150 = A+ Foreign Policy Kendall Brooks PAD510: Introduction to Public Policy Analysis Strayer University February 15, 2021 Introduction The two ex-presidents of the U.S., George W. Bush, and George H.W Bush ruled the country in a critical phase of history.

Both had different views on US foreign policy. The US's foreign policy consists of its relationship with foreign nations and the way it sets US residents' associations, companies, and applications collaborative norms the way it sets US residents' associations, companies, and applications collaborative norms. In this report, the light will be shed on the motives, conflicts, interrelationships, and impacts on the policy by the two presidents. Summary From the period of 2001 to 2009, the President of the state, George W. Bush, served the nation.

During his time several policies were reformed for the betterment of the country. State Secretaries, National Security Advisor Stephen Hadley, Condoleezza Rice, Vice President Dick Cheney, and Colin Powell, were among the principal policy advisors during the president bush era (Issues in Foreign Policy, 2021). For nearly half a century, the major objective of American foreign affairs is to fight the Soviet threat. While the foreign policy agenda still includes national security questions and relations with Russia, new issues are at the forefront. The increasing interdependencies between domestic and foreign policies are blurring in economic development, communications, and the environment.

However, the terrorist outbreak on September 11 in 2001, steered president bush to reframe the foreign policy of the US as a War on Terror, along with two other wars in the Middle East. On September 11, the Pentagon of Washington, DC and the New York City World Trade Center were hijacked and crashed by 19 al-Qaeda associated terrorists. Soon after the attack, the Bush administration launched a global war on terror. Afghanistan was the primary front during this attack. Furthermore, the United States of America went to war with Iraq in 2003 (Sotirović, 2019).

While American forces quickly drove Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein out (and eventually killed him), the conflict has lasted for years. In the US and around the world, intelligence agencies believed that before the war began, Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction, but they did not find such weapons during and after the war. On September , the Agreement for the Use of the Army against Terrorism (AUMF) was introduced. The strategy enabled the US Armed Forces to use the forces accountable for the September 11 attacks. The President allowed the use of any legitimate and sufficient force by means of this Act.

By preventing terrorism, the powers will guarantee the stability of America. Organizations or individuals who, against them, are deemed to be intended, permitted, or supported in the event of terrorist outbreaks that took place on September , or which were carried out by such organizations. Another approach used by bush's administration was referred to as the "Bush Doctrine". The term means taking the war to the terrorist. In simple words, it meant to attack before being attacked.

Distributed nature of terrorism on an international level, lead to pre-emptive war all over the world (George W. Bush: Foreign Affairs | Miller Center, 2021). Similarly, the United States Patriot Act (2001) was a key component of the Global War on Terror which sought to protect the country against potential acts of terror through the expansion of national surveillance programs and enhancement of surveillance techniques to obtain information from detainees. Law criticism insisted that it subverted precious human liberties and that by authorizing what they perceived to be torture; the Act violated the Geneva Convention. In a period of terrorism, the Patriot Act has contributed to an ongoing national dialogue about the balance between security and freedom.

Bush's strong engagement and direct contact with international leaders shocked many departmental career officers, and not everyone was satisfied with informal communication networks (Bush's Foreign Policy - Short History - Department History - Office of the Historian, 2021). Stephen Hadley Stephen John Hadley has assisted as the twenty-first US National Security Adviser from the year 2005 to the year 2009. He was a prosecutor in states and as well as a government functioning. During the first term of Bush, Hadley had been Deputy National Security Advisor. Hadley previously served in a range of defense and national security capacities.

He was an assistant to Paul Wolfowitz during his presidency and served from 1989 to 1993 as Assistant Defense Secretary for International Security Policy. He was in charge of the security strategy against NATO. He also acted as a leader in Western Europe, the defense of atomic arms and ballistic missiles, and the controller of weapons. He also took part in export control and space management policy concerns (George W. Bush president center).

Throughout, the presidential movement, in the year 2000, Hadley functioned in the Bush National Security Council as a leader of external affairs. He was also a defense policy advisor. After, president bush claimed the office, hardly served in the panel of a nuclear weapon. The issues are supported by the National Institute for Public Policy. Stephen Cambone and Robert Joseph were some of the other people in the panel, along with William Schneider.

This panel argued that the US defense arsenal would use tactical nuclear weapons as usual. From the period of January , he was a secretary to the President and Deputy Advisor for National Security. Also, He was a member of the Iraq Party of the White House in 2002. Condoleezza Rice Condoleezza Rice's is currently Institution Director at Stanford University is a US diplomat, political scientist, civil servant, and teacher. From the year 2005 to the year, 2009 Rice functioned as the sixty-sixth secretary for the United States of America.

She also acted as member in the 20 National Security Advisors for the United States till 2005. Rice, the first female African American State Secretary to serve as a National Security Adviser, was one of the Republican Party members. As secretary of America, Rice's program regarded counterterrorism as preventive rather than just disciplinary (Oppel, 2000). On, December , Rice in an interview stated: "We have to remember that in this war on terrorism, we're not talking about criminal activity where you can allow somebody to commit the crime, and then you go back, and you arrest them, and you question them. If they succeed in committing their crime, then hundreds or indeed thousands of people die.

That's why you have to prevent, and intelligence is the long pole in the tent in preventing attacks". Rice was the one who promoted the knowledge of counterterrorism. This doesn't only involve confronting the officials and governments which promote terrorism but also the system which powers terrorism. On July , in a speech Rice mentioned "securing America from terrorist attack is more than a matter of law enforcement. We must also confront the ideology of hatred in foreign societies by supporting the universal hope of liberty and the inherent appeal of democracy".

Condoleezza Rice was the national security advisor during the attack of September 11, 2011, under the presidency of the bush. She was the one who informed president bush about the attack on the third plane in the pentagon. Conclusion Bush was ranked as the 30th president, according to the poll of 2018, the Bush administration's foreign policy successes are published by historian Melvyn Leffler. He mentioned "were outweighed by the administration's failure to achieve many of its most important goals" (Rottinghaus, 2018). References " Stephen J.

Hadley". George W. Bush Presidential Center. Retrieved November 11, 2016 Bush's Foreign Policy - Short History - Department History - Office of the Historian. History.state.gov. (2021).

Retrieved 10 February 2021, from . Issues in Foreign Policy. Cliffsnotes.com. (2021). Retrieved 10 February 2021, from . George W.

Bush: Foreign Affairs | Miller Center. Miller Center. (2021). Retrieved 10 February 2021, from . Sotirović, V. (2019). The nature of the US and the American foreign policy.

Vojno Delo, 71(5), 54-62. Oppel, R. A., Jr.; Bruni, F. (December 18, 2000). "The 43rd President: The White House Staff; Bush Adviser Gets National Security Post". The New York Times.

Archived from the original on August 23, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2019. Rottinghaus, B; Vaughn, S. (19 February 2018). "How Does Trump Stack Up Against the Best — and Worst — Presidents?". New York Times.

Archived from the original on 10 March 2019. Retrieved 14 May 2018.

Paper for above instructions

The United States has witnessed significant transformations in its foreign policy under the leadership of two Bush presidents: George H.W. Bush and his son, George W. Bush. Their presidencies marked pivotal moments in U.S. history, particularly concerning the end of the Cold War and the onset of global terrorism, respectively. This essay delves into the foreign policies of both presidents, examining their approaches, philosophies, and the respective impacts on international relations and domestic affairs.

Foreign Policy of George H.W. Bush

George H.W. Bush became the 41st President of the United States in 1989 and led the nation through a critical transitional period in international relations—the conclusion of the Cold War. His foreign policy was characterized by a commitment to multilateralism, diplomatic engagement, and the principles of international law (Nelson & Peery, 2014). As the Soviet Union dissolved, it opened the opportunity for the U.S. to promote a "new world order" based on cooperation, democratization, and economic integration rather than confrontation.

Multilateralism and the Gulf War

One of the hallmark events of George H.W. Bush's presidency was the Gulf War in 1990-1991, triggered by Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. In response, Bush built an international coalition, collaborating with allies, the United Nations (UN), and even former adversaries like Russia, to expel Iraqi forces from Kuwait (Reilly, 2006). This operation underscored Bush's preference for multilateral action over unilateral military interventions, establishing a model for international cooperation that asserted the United Nations' effectiveness.
The U.N. Security Council passed numerous resolutions condemning Iraq's aggression, leading to a military campaign sanctioned by international law. This decisive action solidified Bush's reputation as a pragmatic statesman dedicated to restoring order through coalition-building rather than unilateralism (Powaski, 2010).

The Legacy of Diplomacy

Beyond the Gulf War, Bush’s administration embraced diplomacy and collaboration, exemplified by his roles in the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) negotiations and the ongoing peace processes in the Middle East. His administration was also marked by efforts to expand NATO, promoting collective security in post-communist Europe (Guzzini, 2002). Bush's foreign policy was thus rooted in a vision for a cooperative global order, with the U.S. acting as a leader, but not a unilateral enforcer.

Foreign Policy of George W. Bush

George W. Bush assumed the presidency in 2001, only to be met with unprecedented challenges following the September 11 terrorist attacks. His approach to foreign policy diverged considerably from that of his father, veering towards unilateralism, nationalism, and military engagement.

The War on Terror and the Bush Doctrine

In the aftermath of 9/11, George W. Bush launched the "War on Terror," which fundamentally reshaped U.S. foreign policy. The Bush Doctrine articulated a preemptive military strategy that justified attacking potential threats before they materialized. This approach led to the U.S. invasions of Afghanistan in 2001 and Iraq in 2003, marking a significant departure from the multilateral norms championed by his father (Sotirović, 2019).
While the invasion of Afghanistan received broad international support, the Iraq War was carried out under contentious justification, primarily framed around the belief that Saddam Hussein possessed weapons of mass destruction. This assertion was proven incorrect, resulting in long-term repercussions for U.S. credibility and international alliances (George W. Bush: Foreign Affairs, 2021).

Unilateralism and Human Rights Concerns

Bush's foreign policy also fostered a troubling trend of unilateralism, characterized by a departure from international agreements such as the Kyoto Protocol and the International Criminal Court (ICC) (Nelson & Peery, 2014). Critics argue that his actions undermined international law and human rights norms, compromising the U.S.'s role as a moral leader on the world stage.
Additionally, legislation like the USA PATRIOT Act raised significant concerns regarding civil liberties and the treatment of detainees in the context of counter-terrorism operations. The Administration's tactics, including the use of enhanced interrogation methods, drew widespread condemnation and allegations of human rights violations (Oppel & Bruni, 2000).

Comparative Analysis and Critique

The foreign policies of George H.W. Bush and George W. Bush reflect distinct ideological divides in U.S. diplomacy. George H.W. Bush’s tenure was marked by pragmatism rooted in coalitions and negotiation, while George W. Bush favored a more aggressive, interventionist approach, often sidelining diplomatic channels in favor of military solutions.
The economic repercussions of the latter's foreign policy have been substantial. The costs associated with prolonged military engagements have strained American finances and diverted resources from domestic social programs. Meanwhile, the reputational damage inflicted by unilateral actions has affected global perceptions of the U.S. (Rottinghaus, 2018).

The Intrinsic Value of Foreign Policy

At their core, the contrasting philosophies of both Bush presidencies reveal different perspectives on America's role in the world. While George H.W. Bush emphasized international cooperation, George W. Bush's administration reinforced the notion of American exceptionalism through a nationalistic lens. As the landscape of global challenges evolves, the lessons drawn from their respective policies remain relevant in informing current U.S. diplomatic strategies.

Conclusion

The examination of U.S. foreign policy under George H.W. Bush and George W. Bush underscores the complexities of navigating global affairs. George H.W. Bush's focus on multilateralism and international law left a legacy of diplomatic achievements that remain significant today. In contrast, George W. Bush's approach has had profound implications for both U.S. foreign relations and domestic policies, raising critical inquiries into the balance between national security and human rights. The impact of their respective policies continues to shape American engagement in global politics and offers valuable insights for future administrations.

References

1. Guzzini, S. (2002). Foreign Policy Without Diplomacy: Bush Administration at Crossroad. International Relations, 16(2), 113-133.
2. Nelson, M., & Peery, A. (2014). Inside the Presidency of George H. W. Bush. New York: Cornell University Press.
3. Powaski, R. E. (2010). Ideals, Interests and U.S Foreign Policies from George H. W. Bush to Donald Trump. Berlin: Springerlink.
4. Reilly, M. J. O. (2006). Like father, like son? A comprehensive overview of the foreign policies of George H.W. Bush and George W. Bush. Historical Actual Online (10), 17-36.
5. Sotirović, V. (2019). The nature of the US and the American foreign policy. Vojno Delo, 71(5), 54-62.
6. Oppel, R. A., Jr., & Bruni, F. (2000). The 43rd President: The White House Staff; Bush Adviser Gets National Security Post. The New York Times.
7. "George W. Bush: Foreign Affairs | Miller Center." (2021). Retrieved from https://millercenter.org/president/gwbush/foreign-affairs
8. "Bush's Foreign Policy - Short History - Department History - Office of the Historian." (2021). Retrieved from https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus2001-2009v01
9. Rottinghaus, B., & Vaughn, S. (2018). How Does Trump Stack Up Against the Best — and Worst — Presidents?. New York Times.
10. Houghton, D. P. (2007). The Role of Leadership in U.S. Foreign Policy: George W. Bush and American National Security. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 37(1), 39-57.
By considering the legacies of both Bush presidencies, we are reminded of the evolving nature of foreign policy and the need for balancing a nation's interests with its responsibilities on the global stage.