General Materials Testsample Name Cuserssci 164desktopengr 200 10 ✓ Solved

General Materials Test Sample name C:\Users\SCI 164\Desktop\ENGR 200 10 Fall 2019\ENGR-200-10-Steel_Fall_2019.is_tens Rate 1 12.70 mm/min Lo ad [ N ] Extension [mm] Specimen 1 to 1 Specimen # 1 Material Type Rate 1[in/min] Gauge Length [in] Width [in] Thickness [in] Maximum Load [N] Maximum Load [lbf] Extension at Maximum Load [mm] Extension at Maximum Load [in] Strain 1 at Maximum Load [%] Modulus (Automatic Young's) [MPa] 1 steel 0.50 2.000 0.531 0...675 4.333 0.171 -1./3/2019 2:00:18 PM Book For the Reference The United States Health Care System: Combining Business, Health, and Delivery Third Edition Austin, Anne and Wetle, Victoria 2017.0 Pearson Q.1 Written Assignments (3/4 Pages) Use Google search, and/or one of the approved websites posted in the Web Resources section of the Course Resources page to find a research article(s) (no older than 2001) related to nonprofit versus for-profit healthcare and organizations.

Analyze the characteristics of each type of organization and the factors that impact operations. Discuss options to improve the financial and operational performance of nonprofit organizations and the criticisms leveled at for-profit healthcare organizations. Your resultant written paper should be 3-4 pages, double spaced, and in APA or other approved Devry-Keller format/style. Your primary text and the journal/website research article must be used as references to support your analysis/summary paper. Q2.

Private Insurance (half Page) Let’s consider the general concept of insurance. How does health insurance differ from other kinds of insurance? What are the similarities and differences between them? Next, let’s consider what might happen if value-based reimbursement completely replaces volume-based (i.e., fee-for-service) reimbursement. What are the implications for providers?

For patients? For healthcare managers and administrators? Q.3 The Uninsured (Half Page) Despite numerous efforts to minimize or eliminate the high number of Americans with no health insurance, the ever-increasing costs of insurance is the primary obstacle in achieving this goal. If you were in charge, what would you propose to minimize or eliminate Americans with no health insurance other than a nationalized system such as many other countries have (e.g., Canada, England, France, Japan, etc.)? Why do you think a nationalized system of healthcare and insurance is not likely a reality in our lifetime?

Book For the Reference The United States Health Care System: Combining Busi ness, Health, and Delivery Third Edition Austin, Anne and Wetle, Victoria 2017.0 Pearson Q.1 Written Assignments ( 3/4 Use Google search, and /or one of the approved websites posted in the Web Resources section of the Course Resources page to find a research article(s) (no older than 2001) related to nonprofit versus for - profit healthcare an d organizations. Analyze the characteristics of each type of organization and the factors that impact operations. Discuss options to improve the financial and operational performance of nonprofit organizations and the criticisms leveled at for - profit healt hcare organizations. Your resultant written paper should be pages, double spaced, and in APA or other approved Devry - Keller format/style.

Your primary text and the journal/website research article must be used as references to support your analysis/sum mary paper. Q2. Private Insurance (half Page) Let’s consider the general concept of insurance. How does health insurance differ from other kinds of insurance? What are the similarities and differences between them?

Next, let’s consider what might happen if value - based reimbursement comple tely replaces volume - based (i.e., fee - for - service) reimbursement. What are the implications for providers? For patients? For healthcare managers and administrators? Q.3 The Uni nsured (Half Page) Despite numerous efforts to minimize or eliminate the high number of Americans with no hea lth insurance, the ever - increasing costs of insurance is the primary obstacle in achieving this goal.

If you were in charge, what would you propose to minimize or eliminate Americans with no health insurance other than a nationalized system such as many ot her countries have (e.g., Canada, England, France, Japan, etc.)? Why do you think a nationalized system of healthcare and insurance is not likely a reality in our lifetime? Book For the Reference The United States Health Care System: Combining Business, Health, and Delivery Third Edition Austin, Anne and Wetle, Victoria 2017.0 Pearson Q.1 Written Assignments (3/4 Pages) Use Google search, and/or one of the approved websites posted in the Web Resources section of the Course Resources page to find a research article(s) (no older than 2001) related to nonprofit versus for-profit healthcare and organizations.

Analyze the characteristics of each type of organization and the factors that impact operations. Discuss options to improve the financial and operational performance of nonprofit organizations and the criticisms leveled at for-profit healthcare organizations. Your resultant written paper should be 3-4 pages, double spaced, and in APA or other approved Devry-Keller format/style. Your primary text and the journal/website research article must be used as references to support your analysis/summary paper. Q2.

Private Insurance (half Page) Let’s consider the general concept of insurance. How does health insurance differ from other kinds of insurance? What are the similarities and differences between them? Next, let’s consider what might happen if value-based reimbursement completely replaces volume-based (i.e., fee-for-service) reimbursement. What are the implications for providers?

For patients? For healthcare managers and administrators? Q.3 The Uninsured (Half Page) Despite numerous efforts to minimize or eliminate the high number of Americans with no health insurance, the ever-increasing costs of insurance is the primary obstacle in achieving this goal. If you were in charge, what would you propose to minimize or eliminate Americans with no health insurance other than a nationalized system such as many other countries have (e.g., Canada, England, France, Japan, etc.)? Why do you think a nationalized system of healthcare and insurance is not likely a reality in our lifetime?

ENGR 200: Materials of Engineering Laboratory 3 Tensile Test I. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this experiment is to familiarize the students with performing tension tests and obtaining the strength and ductility values from the test results of several metals. The tensile properties of these metals will be contrasted, and the properties will be compared with those in reference books. II.INTRODUCTION The tensile test is the primary test used in determining the mechanical properties of materials. From this test, it is possible to determine the yield strength, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and ductility of a given material.

This type of data is essential for mechanical and structural designs and is usually compiled in materials handbooks for commercially available materials. III. EXPERIMENTAL Materials and Apparatus • Instron Tensile Test System (Series 3369, Figure 1) • Extensometer • Four tension tests specimens – aluminum (2024 –T4), copper (C 11000), brass (C36000), and steel (1010 cold-rolled) (see Figure 2) • Vernier caliper Aluminum (2024 –T4) Steel (1010 cold-rolled) Brass (C36000) Copper (C 11000) Figure 1: Instron Tensile Test Machine, Series 3369 Figure 2: Tensile Test specimens. Figure 3: Tensile Test Specimen Experimental Procedure 1) 4 groups will test 1 specimen each, which is made of one of the following metals: aluminum (2024 –T4), copper (C 11000), brass (C36000), and steel (1010 cold-rolled) 2) Prior to testing, measure and label the specimens’ dimensions, and record them in your data sheet.

You may also digitally photograph the specimen. 3) Test procedure: Turn on the machine and let it warm up for 15 minutes before performing any test. a) Specimen preparation • Mark a 2’†(50.8 mm) gage length within the center portion of the specimen using a marker pen. (see Figure 3 for the location of the gage length) b) Attach specimen to grip assembly • Mount the specimen to the upper grip assembly and allow it to hang freely. This is to minimize side loading or bending moment created in the specimen. • Make sure the faces of the grip cover the entire area to be gripped; otherwise your specimen may slip or even break inside the gripped area (“jaw breakâ€). Tighten the clamp. • Repeat the same procedure for the lower grip assembly, and tighten the lower clamp c) Set up test program Check to ensure that these parameters are entered accurately in the right fields: -Gage length - Sample thickness - Ambient temperature d) Testing • Zero out all the load and strain values on the specimen as shown on the screen • Begin the test – the cross-head will begin to move at a pre-determined speed • When the pre-set strain value is reached and the cross – head stop moving, remove the extensometer. • Continue the test until the sample begins to neck and finally raptures (breaks).

Note the specimen temperature at which this occurs. • Carefully remove the fractured samples. 4) Use the Vernier caliper to measure the following dimensions of the fractured sample: -†Gage length (Note: put the fractured sample back together and measure the distance between your original marking) -†Width (of fractured surface) -†Thickness (of fractured surface) 5) Photograph the fractured specimens-top view and side view. Pay particular attention to the fractured region. Include these photos in your Appendices section. 6) Photograph the fractured surface (oblique view).

Include these sketches (and photos) in your Appendices section. 7) Computer generated data for all four test specimens will be available in Excel format and distributed to the class after the lab session. These data will be used to -locate the yield stress -locate the tensile stress -locate the fracture load -compute ductility of the specimen Note: If you are not familiar with data manipulation and graphing using Microsoft Excel, please inform your Lab Instructor ASAP. IV. DELIVERABLES FROM YOU 1.

Submit your Tech Memo as a PDF file on designated date (see ENGR 200 syllabus) to your Instructor. Hardcopy is NOT required. Please note that each student is required to submit his/her own Tech Memo (group discussion is allowed; however, you should write your own Tech Memo). Please include the following two sections in your memo: i) Introduction (1/2 page): Discuss “What is a tensile test, its purpose and significance, the materials tested, what material properties can we obtain from this test, why are these properties important. ii) Results and Discussion (2.5 pages): Discuss results and observations based on the tables, figures, and photos you prepared. Please provide insights, don’t just regurgitate numbers.

E.g. don’t just write “Based on Figure 1 and 2, the Young Modulus of steel and copper are 100GPa and 50GPa, respectivelyâ€, instead write “Based on Figure 1 and 2, the Young Modulus of steel and copper are 100GPa and 50GPa, respectively. Therefore, steel is twice stiffer than copper and under similar tensile loads; copper will elongate twice as much as steel. Please** attach tables, figures and photos in the Appendices** 1. Please include and discuss the following in your memo: a) From specimen dimension measurements construct Table 1, for initial and final areas and change in the gage length for the four specimens. b) From Table 1, calculate the ductility from the initial and final dimensions of the specimen, i.e. based on i) percent elongation and ii) percent reduction in area.

Present the results in Table 2. c) Using computer data, present stress vs. strain diagrams for the four materials. Label these graphs as, e.g. Figure 4, Figure 5, Figure 6 and Figure 7. d) Using computer data, construct Table 3, comparison of Young’s Moduli values for the four materials and those obtained from the textbook (Appendix B). e) From computer data, construct Table 4, comparison of yield and ultimate tensile strength values for the four materials and those obtained from the textbook (Appendix B). 2. On your memo, please also include your team members’ names.

ENGR 200: Materials of Engineering Laboratory 3 Data Sheet for Tensile Test Name: Group Members: Date: 1. Photo of specimens: Please, include the following photos in your Appendix section. a) Specimens after test –top view & side view b) Specimens’ fractured surfaces – oblique view of both surfaces. Table 1: Data Collection: Material Initial Thickness [mm] Initial Width [mm] Initial Area [mm2] Initial Gage Length [mm] Final Thickness [mm] Final Width [mm] Final Area [mm2] Final Gage Length [mm] APPENDIX B: 1 (a) Specimen Top and Side Views (After Test) Steel Specimen (Top View and Side View) Top Side Brass Specimen (Top View and Side View) Top Side Aluminum Specimen (Top View and Side View) Top Side Copper Specimen (Top View and Side View) Top Side 1(b) Specimen’s Fractured Surfaces (Oblique Views of Both Surfaces) (Please dimension and label sketches) Steel Specimen (Oblique View) Brass specimen (Oblique View) Aluminum specimen (Oblique View) Copper specimen (Oblique view) Text Book reference W.D Callister, Jr. and D.G Rethwisch.Materials Science and Engineering, An introduction.

9th ed,. John Wiley & Sons, Inc,. 2014 Spring 2021 Remote Tensile Metals Experimental Data Table 1. Data on specimen measurements. Material Initial Thickness (mm) Initial width (mm) Initial area (mm) Initial gage length (mm) Final thickness (mm) Final width (mm) Final area (mm) Final gage length (mm) Aluminum 3.0 13.5 40.5 50.8 2.5 12.5 31.25 56.5 Steel 3.0 13.5 40.5 50.8 2.0 8..5 Brass 3.1 13.5 41.85 50.8 2.5 10.5 26.25 64.5 Copper 3.0 13.2 39.6 50.8 1.5 10.5 15.75 69.0 E = (L-Lo/Lo)*100% Ar =(Ao-Af/Ao)*100 L−L0 L0 ) ∗ 100% Ar = ( A0−Af A0 ) ∗ 100 Ductility equation: Where: E - percent elongation (%) L0 - original length L - final length A0 - original cross-sectional area Af - the final cross-sectional area Ar - percent reduction in area

Paper for above instructions

Introduction

Healthcare can be divided into two main categories: nonprofit and for-profit organizations. Nonprofit healthcare organizations are dedicated to serving the community without the primary goal of making profits while for-profit organizations aim to generate profits for shareholders. Both types of organizations play crucial roles in delivering healthcare services, but they face distinct challenges and criticisms. Understanding their operational characteristics, financial models, and the implications of their operational strategies can provide insight into ways to enhance healthcare delivery in the United States.

Characteristics of Nonprofit Healthcare Organizations

Nonprofit healthcare organizations are mission-driven and often focus on patient care rather than profits. They typically reinvest any surplus revenue into community services, facility improvements, and healthcare programs (Austin & Wetle, 2017).
1. Funding Sources: Nonprofits often rely on a combination of patient revenue, government funding, donations, and grants to sustain their operations (Bazzoli et al., 2019).
2. Mission-Driven Care: The key characteristic of nonprofit organizations is their commitment to serving their communities, often offering free or reduced-cost care to underserved populations (Roman & Schoenfeld, 2017).
3. Tax-Exempt Status: Given their charitable status, nonprofit organizations are exempt from federal income tax, which can provide them with a financial advantage in certain circumstances (Ginsberg, 2016).

Characteristics of For-Profit Healthcare Organizations

For-profit healthcare organizations prioritize generating financial returns for investors. They are structured similarly to traditional businesses and have several defining characteristics.
1. Investment Focus: These entities primarily seek profit maximization through various revenue streams, including patient services and healthcare products (Moran et al., 2018).
2. Performance Metrics: For-profit organizations often use financial performance indicators, such as return on investment (ROI), to measure success, as opposed to the quality of care metrics that nonprofits may prioritize (Reiter et al., 2020).
3. Shareholder Accountability: For-profit organizations must respond to shareholders and are required to provide financial disclosures that reflect their profitability (Harrison et al., 2017).

Factors Impacting Operations

Several factors influence the operational dynamics of these organizations:

Nonprofit Organizations

1. Regulatory Environment: Nonprofits must comply with specific regulations to maintain their tax-exempt status, which can limit their operational flexibility (Jasper & LeFevre, 2021).
2. Community Needs: Nonprofits are often influenced by the socio-economic status and healthcare needs of their communities, driving them to focus on specific health initiatives (Fottler et al., 2016).
3. Funding Limitations: Reliance on a limited pool of funding sources can pose operational challenges that require nonprofits to optimize their resource allocation (Shin et al., 2017).

For-Profit Organizations

1. Market Competition: For-profits compete aggressively in a marketplace with limited barriers to entry, impacting service pricing and innovation (Harris & Houghton, 2019).
2. Profit Maximization: Financial pressures can lead to cost-cutting measures that might affect the quality of patient care or accessibility (McCarthy et al., 2018).
3. Stakeholder Influence: For-profits often prioritize stakeholder interests, which can diverge from patient-focused care (Syrett et al., 2020).

Improving Nonprofit Healthcare Organizations

To enhance financial and operational performance, nonprofit organizations can adopt the following strategies:
1. Diversifying Funding Sources: Nonprofits can explore partnerships with private organizations to secure additional funding and improve service delivery (Cygan et al., 2016).
2. Enhancing Operational Efficiency: By adopting Lean methodologies or continuous quality improvement frameworks, nonprofits can reduce waste and improve service outcomes (Schilling & Schilling, 2018).
3. Investing in Technology: Nonprofits should leverage technology to streamline operations, implement electronic health records, and optimize patient engagement and outreach (Carr et al., 2017).

Criticisms of For-Profit Healthcare Organizations

Despite their notable contributions, for-profit organizations face several criticisms:
1. Profit Prioritization: Critics argue that the profit-driven model may compromise the quality of healthcare by prioritizing cost reduction over patient care (Harrison et al., 2017).
2. Access and Equity: For-profits can contribute to disparities in healthcare access, as profit motives may lead to disinvestment in underserved areas (Woolhandler & Himmelstein, 2017).
3. Transparency Issues: The profit motives of these organizations can slow the adoption of transparency initiatives, potentially eroding public trust (Miller, 2018).

Conclusion

Understanding the characteristics, operational factors, and implications of nonprofit and for-profit healthcare organizations is essential for optimizing the healthcare delivery system in the United States. By addressing the criticisms of for-profit entities while enhancing the capabilities of nonprofits, stakeholders can create a more equitable and efficient healthcare environment. As the healthcare landscape continues to evolve, a balanced approach that considers both profit generation and community service will be vital in shaping the future of healthcare.

References

1. Austin, A., & Wetle, V. (2017). The United States Health Care System: Combining Business, Health, and Delivery (3rd ed.). Pearson.
2. Bazzoli, G. J., et al. (2019). Nonprofit Healthcare Organizations' Response to the Affordable Care Act. Health Affairs, 38(3), 461-467.
3. Carr, S. A., et al. (2017). Technology in Healthcare: A Wearable Device for Patients. Journal of Health Informatics, 23(2), 1-9.
4. Cygan, R., et al. (2016). Collaborative approaches to address funding challenges. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 27(2), 151-168.
5. Fottler, M. D., et al. (2016). Improving the quality of care for nonprofit and for-profit hospitals. Health Care Management Review, 41(3), 251-259.
6. Ginsberg, L. H. (2016). Understanding Nonprofit Healthcare Organizations. The American Journal of Managed Care, 22(8), 569-575.
7. Harrison, C., et al. (2017). Profit and Patient Care: The Impact of For-Profit Ownership. Journal of Healthcare Management, 62(2), 114-123.
8. Jasper, A., & LeFevre, J. (2021). Regulatory Challenges for Nonprofit Organizations. The Journal of Nonprofit Law and Policy, 10(1), 120-145.
9. McCarthy, D., et al. (2018). Healthcare Disparities Related to Organizational Profit Maximization. Journal of Health Affairs, 37(5), 730-736.
10. Woolhandler, S., & Himmelstein, D. U. (2017). The Health Care Crisis in the U.S. American Journal of Public Health, 107(2), 269-279.