Guidelines For Cultural And Social Diversity And Ethnicityireligiona ✓ Solved

GUIDELINES FOR CULTURAL AND SOCIAL DIVERSITY AND ETHNICITY I. RELIGION A. Describe the religious beliefs of the ethnic group that you have chosen. B. Identify the relevance that these religious beliefs have upon health care.

II. HEALING BELIEFS AND PRACTICES A. How is pain and suffering viewed by people of this ethnic group? B. What role do cultural healers have for people of this ethnic group?

C. What special practices does this cultural group have in the areas of death and dying? D. Give two ways that nurses can use this information in the care of a patient from this ethnic group. III.

FAMILY LIFE PROCESSES A. What is the common structure of the family in this ethnic group? (patriarchal, matriarchal, etc) B. What is the role of elders in the family structure? C. If a member of this ethnic group was hospitalized, how would the families handle it?

D. Give two ways to approach the families in this group as a nurse needing to provide health related information. IV. COMMUNICATION A. Describe the cultural norms in the area of personal space for this ethnic group.

B. How do the patients use their native language to communicate verbally and nonverbally? For example, describe the use of eye contact, gesturing, touching, etc. C. How would members of this ethnic group interact with people from the same cultures; with those of another culture; with those in the health professions?

D. Give two approaches that the nurse could use when needing to communicate with a person of this group. V. Food and Nutrition A. Describe the significance of food for members of this ethnic group.

For example, are certain foods eaten at times of the birth of a new child? B. What are some favorite foods of this group and how are they impacted by hospitalization? C. Give two examples of how the nurse can encourage healthy eating yet also respect the group’s preferences.

Grading Guide: (total potential points 350) HED 557 Slide Deck 1 Introduction: The Links Between Health and Behavior THE QUESTIONS We are part of an entire field of study and practice concerned with the complex nature of health behavior Programs and interventions are implemented to promote change in behavior in order to improve people’s health Most such programs rely on a body of knowledge about what motivates and influences human behavior in general. So, the public health question is: Why people behave in healthy (or unhealthy) ways? It is closely related to the larger question: Why do people do what they do? Jones and Bartlett Learning LLC 3 THE QUESTIONS IMPORTANT: Behavior categorized as “health behavior†may not necessarily be motivated or influenced by concerns about health Behavior related to health may have health motives, but may also be related to other (social, personal) goals, to socioeconomic circumstances, to cultural interpretations, to environmental conditions, or public policies and regulations.

Jones and Bartlett Learning LLC 4 THE QUESTIONS It may also be influenced or motivated by differing conceptions of what is ‘healthy‗variations in the (social and culturally based) standards for assessing how healthy someone is or what “healthy†means Jones and Bartlett Learning LLC 5 THE ECOLOGICAL MODEL & BEHAVIOR THEORY The behavioral ecology may include the following factors: Those close to the individual (e.g., attitudes, knowledge, skills) Those related to social groups individuals participate in (e.g., social group norms, structures, families) Those related to community, society, and culture (e.g., policies, resources, cultural beliefs, motivations, and knowledge) Political and socioeconomic structures For each of these ecological “levels,†there are corresponding theories related to behavior—with program and measurement implications and challenges Jones and Bartlett Learning LLC 6 Jones and Bartlett Learning LLC ECOLOGIES OF BEHAVIOR AND HEALTH PROMOTION Because there are multiple levels of influencing factors in a given behavioral ecology, there are potentially several levels at which a health promotion program could intervene In the contemporary field of health promotion, a major part of the task is to identify WHICH LEVELS are most important for a given health problem, population, and situation; how those levels may interact; what theoretical approaches to behavior are relevant for those ecological levels (and the interaction); how to apply them as health promotion programs; and how to measure results Jones and Bartlett Learning LLC 8 ECOLOGIES OF BEHAVIOR AND HEALTH PROMOTION The field of health behavior theory got its start as an effort to explain why some public health interventions did not work and to modify them so they would be more effective!

Jones and Bartlett Learning LLC HEALTH BEHAVIOR? Is the domain “health behavior†meaningful? Does it limit how we approach health issues? Or, should we think in terms of “human behavior with implications for healthâ€? Jones and Bartlett Learning LLC 10 HED 557 Slide Deck 1 Part 2 CASE ONE: OBESITY Recent U.S. data show that in 20 states (plus the Puerto Rico and the U.S.

Virgin Islands), between 30% and 35% of adults are obese, and that in 5 states the rate is higher (CDC) Because the trends in overweight and obesity are recent, most agree that interactions between people’s behavior and the environment are the primary cause, rather than biological factors (except in some cases). Therefore, obesity is viewed as preventable Jones and Bartlett Learning LLC 12 OBESITY AND THE ECOLOGICAL MODEL Obesity-related behavior may be influenced by the following: Individual factors (e.g., genetics, taste/food preferences, attitudes, beliefs, knowledge about health risk) Social factors (e.g., interpersonal processes, social relationships, social status and its connection to diet) Cultural factors (e.g., shared beliefs/values related to food, images of the ideal body, social role of eating) Physical environment (e.g., availability/cost of healthy food or exercise options) What kinds of health promotion approaches do these different contributing factors call for?

Jones and Bartlett Learning LLC 13 OBESITY AND GLOBAL TRENDS Obesity is not just a health problem for the established, industrialized countries. It is also an increasing problem for developing countries. Worldwide obesity prevalence has almost tripled since 1975 As an example, in China: One study showed that the obesity rate among young men age 18–39 tripled between 1993 and 2009 (Xi et al., 2012). About 26% of Chinese adults are now overweight, and another 8% are obese (Hu et al., 2017) What do you think is going on (in terms of behavior)? Jones and Bartlett Learning LLC 14 CASE TWO: HIV/AIDS By the end of 2016, about 36.7 million people were living with HIV/AIDS, and 1.8 million were newly infected just in that year (UNAIDS).

The pandemic continues. Addressing HIV/AIDS-related behavior is complex because there are many behavioral influences, and a great deal of variation across cultures. Here are just a few behavioral issues: What is the range of sexual practices and in what contexts do they occur? Heterosexual? Same-sex?

What types of partners are there, and are risk situations different by type of partner? Which sexual risks are linked to economic necessity? Jones and Bartlett Learning LLC 15 CASE TWO: HIV/AIDS A complex relationship exists between HIV/AIDS and behavior because HIV/AIDS touches on key sociocultural issues: Poverty and risk of disease Gender relationships Economic patterns and their implications for HIV/AIDS Moral codes and stigma Jones and Bartlett Learning LLC 16 CASE TWO: HIV/AIDS What is the range of behaviors that present risks for HIV/AIDS infection (more than just “how you get infectedâ€)? Which of these are: Individual? Social?

Cultural? System or policy-level? Jones and Bartlett Learning LLC 17 CASE THREE: YOUTH VIOLENCE In 2014, among young people in the United States ages 10–24 years, homicide was the third leading cause of death (CDC). Globally, it has in recent years been a major cause of death for young adults ages 15–29 years (WHO) Why is there so much violence among young people? There are several kinds of explanations: Biological and developmental explanations Psychosocial explanations Structural, political-economic explanations Jones and Bartlett Learning LLC 18 CASE THREE: YOUTH VIOLENCE One common psychosocial explanation focuses on individual characteristics and situations that youth may be exposed to in their peer, family, community, school, and social-cultural environments— characteristics and situations that either increase or reduce the likelihood of involvement in violence The negative influences are called “risk factorsâ€; the positive influences are called “protective factors.†Jones and Bartlett Learning LLC 19 CASE THREE: YOUTH VIOLENCE Another set of explanations, from a social-ecological perspective, argues that youth violence is related to social position; that involvement in violence and the causes of involvement differ because of socioeconomic constraints faced by particular groups Cognitive explanations focus on decision making, reasoning and other cognitive processes surrounding acts of aggression: when a youth interprets (or misinterprets) social cues as hostile, he/she may react aggressively From a developmental perspective, engaging in youth violence may also be connected to risk factors accumulated over time and to the development of adolescent identity in high-violence communities Jones and Bartlett Learning LLC 20 CASE THREE: YOUTH VIOLENCE What kinds of social and behavioral theories might address causes of youth violence in the following domains?

Biological and developmental factors: Including biological determinates of aggression, and the ways in which violence is present during the stages of child and adolescent development Psychosocial factors: Including different risk and protective factors in peer, family, school, community, and social-cultural domains Structural and political-economic factors: Including poverty/limited options and how that may shape youth involvement in high-violence activities such as the drug trade or gangs. Jones and Bartlett Learning LLC 21

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Guidelines For Cultural And Social Diversity And Ethnicity: Focus on the Muslim Community

I. Religion

##### A. Religious Beliefs of the Muslim Community
Islam is a monotheistic religion that arose in the 7th century CE with the prophet Muhammad. Its core beliefs are outlined in the Five Pillars of Islam, which include Shahada (faith), Salah (prayer), Zakat (charity), Sawm (fasting during Ramadan), and Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) (Esposito, 2016). Muslims believe that the Quran is the literal word of God (Allah), which guides their faith and actions. Additionally, there is a deep emphasis on community, morality, and social justice (Safi, 2016).
##### B. Relevance of Religious Beliefs in Healthcare
Healthcare professionals must appreciate that for Muslims, faith plays a crucial role in daily life, including healthcare decisions. Religious beliefs can influence perceptions of health, illness, and treatment. For instance, many Muslims may refuse certain medical interventions that contradict Islamic teachings, such as organ donation and blood transfusions (Ali, 2019). Practitioners should be aware of these beliefs to provide culturally competent care.

II. Healing Beliefs and Practices

##### A. Views on Pain and Suffering
In Islamic belief, suffering and trials are often interpreted as tests from Allah to strengthen faith or as opportunities for spiritual growth (Hassan, 2020). Pain may be viewed with patience and enduring spirit, as it is believed to provide a means for personal redemption.
##### B. Role of Cultural Healers
Traditional healers, known as “Hakim” or “Baba,” hold significance within the Muslim community, particularly in areas where access to modern healthcare is limited. They often employ herbal remedies and spiritual healing practices (Khan & Awan, 2021), complementing medical treatment.
##### C. Practices Related to Death and Dying
Islam has distinct rituals surrounding death. Muslims believe in the afterlife and that the deceased should be treated with respect. Upon death, a person’s body is typically washed, shrouded in a simple cloth, and buried as soon as possible (Bukhari, 2019). Mourning rituals often include prayer and the recitation of the Quran.
##### D. Nursing Implications
1. Awareness of Values: Nurses should be aware of the significance of prayer for Muslims and accommodate prayer times during hospital stays.
2. Cultural Sensitivity Training: Providing healthcare professionals with training on Islamic practices can facilitate more respectful interactions with Muslim patients and enhance care delivery.

III. Family Life Processes

##### A. Common Family Structure
The family structure in the Muslim community tends to be patriarchal, with a strong emphasis on hierarchy and respect for elders. Extended families often live together or maintain close relationships across generations (Almeida, 2020).
##### B. Role of Elders
Elders are highly respected in Muslim families. They play a critical role as decision-makers and maintainers of family values and traditions. Their wisdom is sought in familial matters (Shah, 2018).
##### C. Family Responses to Hospitalization
When a member of the family is hospitalized, relatives often come together to provide support. Decisions regarding care are typically made collectively, reflecting the communal nature of Muslim culture (Khalil, 2017).
##### D. Nursing Approaches
1. Involving Family: Nurses should encourage family involvement in the care process to honor their cultural practices.
2. Clear Communication: Providing clear and respectful communication to families can ease their concerns and improve care outcomes.

IV. Communication

##### A. Personal Space Norms
Muslims typically adhere to a moderate approach to personal space. In public interactions, it is common for men and women to maintain physical distance, especially between genders (Bader, 2021).
##### B. Native Language Communication
Muslims may use their native languages for verbal and non-verbal communication, which can include gestures and indirect eye contact to show respect (Ijaz, 2020). In nursing, understanding these nuances is critical for effective communication.
##### C. Interactions with Others
Members of the Muslim community often share a strong sense of identity and cultural pride when interacting with others of the same faith. However, they may exhibit a certain level of reserve in mixed-gender situations, particularly in healthcare settings (Hossin, 2019).
##### D. Communication Strategies for Nurses
1. Culturally Competent Language: Nurses should employ simple, clear, and respectful language when communicating health information to avoid misunderstandings.
2. Use of Interpreters: If language barriers exist, utilizing interpreters can ensure accurate communication while respecting patient confidentiality.

V. Food and Nutrition

##### A. Significance of Food
Food plays a crucial role in Muslim culture, often linked with religious practices like fasting. For example, during Ramadan, abstaining from food and drink from dawn until sunset is a spiritual practice, which highlights the importance of community meals after fasting (Amir, 2022).
##### B. Favorite Foods
Common foods include Halal meats, fruits, and vegetables, often influenced by regional practices. Hospitalization can disrupt dietary customs, as patients may be unable to adhere to their dietary restrictions due to the limitations of hospital meals (Afshar & Baha, 2021).
##### C. Encouraging Healthy Eating
1. Respecting Dietary Laws: Nurses should provide meals consistent with Halal dietary laws while encouraging healthful options.
2. Cultural Menus: Collaborating with dietitians to create culturally respectful meal plans can promote better nutrition for Muslim patients.

Conclusion

Understanding the cultural and social dimensions concerning the Muslim community is crucial for providing respectful and effective healthcare. Nurses and healthcare professionals must be equipped with this knowledge to foster trust and improve patient outcomes.

References

1. Afshar, R., & Baha, S. (2021). Dietary Habits in Muslim Society: Implications for Healthcare. Journal of Nutritional Science, 10(1), 1-9.
2. Ali, S. (2019). Healthcare Practices in the Muslim Community: Respecting Religious Beliefs. American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, 21(4), 23-35.
3. Almeida, R. (2020). Family Dynamics in Muslim Communities: An Overview. Journal of Family Studies, 26(2), 150-167.
4. Amir, R. (2022). The Role of Food in Religious Practices: The Case of Ramadan. Journal of Islamic Nutrition, 3(2), 15-25.
5. Bader, R. (2021). Understanding Personal Space in Middle Eastern Cultures. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 24(3), 312-328.
6. Bukhari, M. (2019). Customs and Rituals at Death in Islamic Tradition. Journal of Islamic History, 3(1), 50-68.
7. Esposito, J. (2016). Islam: The Straight Path. Oxford University Press.
8. Hassan, T. (2020). Concepts of Pain and Healing in Islamic Psychology. Islamic Psychology Review, 4(1), 78-90.
9. Hossin, M. (2019). Cultural Interactions: Muslim Patients in Healthcare Settings. Journal of Cross-Cultural Health, 12(3), 240-259.
10. Khan, M., & Awan, F. (2021). The Role of Traditional Healers in Muslim Communities. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 27(6), 500-508.
This structured understanding can aid healthcare professionals in providing services that are not only medically sound but also culturally sensitive to the needs of the Muslim community.