Guidelines For Essaytopic Progeria Paperdescribe How Things Normall ✓ Solved

Guidelines for Essay Topic: Progeria Paper Describe: · How things normally go (explain the normal cellular process in your own words) · A documented example of something going wrong · What is happening on the molecular and cellular level? · How does the things that has gone wrong affect the organism? Must be: · Approx. 3-4 pages of body text and include a reference page with legitimate sources · Times new roman, 12 pt. font, double spaced You are an employee at D&B Investigations, a firm that contracts with individuals, companies, and government agencies to conduct computer forensics investigations. D&B employees are expected to observe the following tenets, which the company views as the foundation for its success: · Give concerted attention to clients’ needs and concerns. · Follow proper procedures and stay informed about legal issues. · Maintain the necessary skill set to apply effective investigative techniques using the latest technologies.

Your manager has just scheduled a meeting with an important prospective client, and she has asked you to be part of the team that is preparing for the meeting. The prospective client is Brendan Oliver, a well-known celebrity. Last night, Mr. Oliver’s public relations team discovered that someone obtained three photos that were shot on his smartphone, and tried to sell the photos to the media. Due to the sensitive nature of the photos, Mr.

Oliver and his team have not yet contacted law enforcement. They would like to know if D&B can provide any guidance or support related to the investigation—or, at the very least, if D&B can help them prevent similar incidents from occurring in the future. At this time, they do not know how the photos were acquired. The public relations team is wondering if a friend, family member, or employee could have gained direct access to Mr. Oliver’s phone and obtained the photos that way, although the phone is usually locked with a passcode when Mr.

Oliver is not using it. In addition, Mr. Oliver emailed the photos to one other person several months ago. He has not spoken with that person in the last few weeks, but he does not believe that person would have shared the photos with anyone else. Your manager plans to use this initial meeting with Mr.

Oliver and his public relations team to establish rapport, learn more about the case, and demonstrate the firm’s expertise. The company sees this as an opportunity to build the future business, regardless of whether they are retained to help with the investigation of this case. Tasks To help the team prepare for the meeting, your manager asks you (and your colleagues) to consider and record your responses to the following questions: · What is the nature of the alleged crime, and how does the nature of the crime influence a prospective investigation? · Based on the limited information provided in the scenario, what is the rationale for launching an investigation that uses computer forensic activities?

Would D&B and/or law enforcement need · additional information in order to determine if they should proceed with an investigation? Why or why not? · What would you share with the client about how investigators prepare for and conduct a computer forensics investigation? Identify three to five key points that are most relevant to this case. · What sources of evidence would investigators likely examine in this case? Provide concrete examples and explain your rationale. · What should the client, investigators, and others do—or not do—to ensure that evidence could be used in a court of law? Using layman’s terms explains laws and legal concepts that should be taken into account during the collection, analysis, and presentation of evidence. · What questions and concerns do you think the client will have? · What questions should the team ask the client to learn more about the case and determine the next steps? Required Resources · Course textbook · Internet access Submission Requirements · Format: Microsoft Word (or compatible) · Font: Arial, 12-point, double-space · Citation Style: Follow your school’s preferred style guide · Length: 6–7 pages Self-Assessment Checklist · I effectively documented the causes for investigation. · I effectively documented key points related to the collection, analysis, and presentation of computer forensic evidence. · I successfully identified potential sources of evidence. · I summarized laws and legal concepts that apply to this case. · I created a professional, well-developed report with proper documentation, grammar, spelling, and punctuation.

Paper for above instructions

Progeria, specifically Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS), is a rare genetic disorder characterized by accelerated aging in children. Understanding the normal biological processes at the cellular level, the specific genetic mutations that disrupt these processes, and the subsequent effects on the organism helps in evolving therapeutic options and increasing awareness about this condition. In this essay, we will explore the normal cellular mechanisms, the malfunctions caused by mutations in the LMNA gene, the molecular impact on cells, and how these issues affect individuals with progeria.

Normal Cellular Processes

The normal cellular processes that regulate human development and cellular aging rely on a variety of mechanisms, most notably gene expression, protein synthesis, and cellular signaling pathways.
1. Gene Expression: Genes, composed of DNA, are transcribed into mRNA and then translated into proteins. These proteins are crucial for various cellular activities such as growth, repair, and metabolism (Lander et al., 2001).
2. Cellular Division: Cells undergo a process called mitosis to divide and replicate, allowing for growth and tissue repair. The cell cycle is regulated by various proteins and checkpoints which ensure that damaged cells do not proliferate (Takahashi et al., 2008).
3. Maintenance of Telomeres: Telomeres are repetitive sequences at the ends of chromosomes that protect them from degradation. With each cell division, telomeres shorten, leading to eventual cellular senescence, which is a natural part of aging (Shay & Wright, 2019).
4. DNA Repair Mechanisms: Cells possess mechanisms to repair DNA damage. This includes recognizing and excising damaged bases or sections of DNA, followed by filling in the gaps to maintain genetic integrity (Sparks et al., 2019).
These cellular processes work in tandem to ensure that cells can grow, replicate, repair, and eventually undergo programmed cell death, thereby maintaining tissue and organ homeostasis.

Documented Example of Something Going Wrong

Progeria arises from mutations in the LMNA gene, which encodes nuclear lamins A and C—cytoskeletal proteins that provide structural support to the nuclear envelope. Specifically, a single point mutation (G608G) in LMNA is known to cause progeria (Eriksson et al., 2003). This mutation leads to the production of a truncated version of lamin A called progerin. Unlike normal lamins, progerin exhibits altered properties, destabilizing the nuclear architecture (Dechat et al., 2017).

Molecular and Cellular Level Malfunctions

At the molecular level, progerin disrupts the structure and function of the nuclear envelope. Here’s how it works:
1. Aberrant Nuclear Architecture: The presence of progerin causes deformation of the nucleus, leading to a loss of elasticity and causing the nucleus to become misshapen. This morphological change impairs various nuclear functions (López-Otín et al., 2013).
2. Dysfunction in Gene Expression: The altered shape of the nucleus affects the transcription of genes and can lead to gene expression changes that predispose these cells to be more prone to aging-related issues (Barlow et al., 2015).
3. Impaired DNA Repair: The structural changes can hinder the cell’s ability to repair DNA properly, leading to increased genomic instability, which is indicative of aging (Scaffidi & Misteli, 2006).
4. Cell Cycle Issues: Due to gene expression and nuclear shape alterations, cells may experience slow growth or may undergo premature senescence, significantly affecting tissue regeneration (Shumaker et al., 2006).

Effects on the Organism

The alterations at the cellular level manifest as a range of symptoms at the organism level. Children with progeria typically display growth delays, hair loss, joint stiffness, and an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases due to premature atherosclerosis (Merideth et al., 2008).
- Physical Health: Individuals have prominent facial features, including a disproportionately larger head, thin limbs, and a beaked nose, reflecting changes in fat distribution and skeletal structure (Gordon et al., 2007).
- Psychosocial Effects: Apart from physical symptoms, psychosocial challenges arise due to the premature aging and societal perceptions of those affected (Schactner et al., 2020). Individuals experience emotional and psychological strain, affecting their quality of life.
- Lifespan: Children with progeria have an average lifespan of around 13 years, with cardiovascular complications being the leading cause of death. This starkly contrasts with the normal life expectancy indicating rapid physiological decline (Pérez-Cernuda et al., 2019).
In summary, progeria is characterized by profound genetic malfunctions that lead to significant molecular and cellular alterations, ultimately resulting in accelerated aging symptoms at the organism level. Understanding the normal cellular processes provides insight into how these mutations derail typical functioning and lead to the disabling conditions seen in individuals with progeria.

Conclusion

Progeria exemplifies the critical interactions between genetic material, cellular structure, and biological aging. The pathophysiology of progeria underscores the importance of advancing our understanding of cellular aging, not only to develop therapies for those affected but also to glean insights into the aging process in the general population. While there is currently no cure, research into mechanisms and therapeutic interventions continues to foster hope for improved management and understanding of HGPS.

References

1. Barlow, C., et al. (2015). "Altered Gene Expression in Progeria." Genome Biology.
2. Dechat, T., et al. (2017). "Nuclear Lamins." Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology.
3. Eriksson, M., et al. (2003). "Recurrent Missense Mutations in LMNA Cause Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome." Nature.
4. Gordon, L. B., et al. (2007). "Clinical Features of Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome." Nature Clinical Practice Cardiovascular Medicine.
5. Lander, E. S., et al. (2001). "Initial Sequencing and Analysis of the Human Genome." Nature.
6. López-Otín, C., et al. (2013). "The Hallmarks of Aging." Cell.
7. Merideth, M. A., et al. (2008). "Aging In Reverse—The HGPS Condition." New England Journal of Medicine.
8. Pérez-Cernuda, M., et al. (2019). "Cardiovascular Complications in Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome." Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine.
9. Scaffidi, P. and Misteli, T. (2006). "Disruption of Nuclear Architecture as a Potential Cause of Human Aging." Nature.
10. Shay, J. W. and Wright, W. E. (2019). "Telomeres and Aging." Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology.