Hsha 439community Health Review1 What Is The Etymology Of The Word H ✓ Solved

HSHA 439 Community Health Review 1. What is the etymology of the word ‘health’? 2. How is health defined? 3.

Why is health referred to as a ‘ dynamic ’ state? 4. Define public health. 5. Define population health.

6. Define community health. 7. Define global health. 8.

List and explain the four (4) main factors that affect the health of a community. Hint: One is physical factors. 9. What is ‘John Snow’ to public health? 10.

Explain ‘social engineering’ and the creation of Medicare and Medicaid. 11. Differentiate between Medicare and Medicaid. 12. Explain health disparities.

13. Explain Healthy People 2020 . 14. What is ‘WHO’, its purpose and mission? 15.

What is NIH? List three (3) units of NIH that are important to you and the reason for the importance. 16. List the ten (10) core functions of public health. 17.

What is the annual spending on health care in the U.S.A.? 18. What are ‘notifiable diseases’? List four (4)such diseases. 19.

What are the 5 major causes of mortality in the U.S.A.? 20. Why is infant mortality data an important indicator of a nation’s health status? 21. Draw/show the ‘Chain of Infection’.

22. Distinguish between ‘acute’ and ‘chronic’ disease. 23. What is the difference between a communicable agent and a pathogenic agent? 24.

List 4 vectorborne diseases and 4 nonvectorborne diseases. Vectorborne Diseases Nonvectorborne Diseases 25. Explain this graph. Figure. U.S. mortality rates among infants younger than 1 year, by maternal race/ethnicity, .

Explanation: 1 of 3 January 26, 2017 HSHA 439 Community Health Review Epidemiology Practice 1. There are 346 students at Hillside School. During March and April, 56 pupils were absent with chickenpox. (A) What is the attack rate for chickenpox at Hillside School? The 56 pupils who were absent had 88 siblings, 19 developed chickenpox. (B) What was the attack rate among these children? Of the 75 total cases of chickenpox, one child died. (C) Calculate the case fatality rate for chickenpox in this epidemic in the Hillside community.

Two weeks before the first case of chickenpox appeared at Hillside School, there were 3 students visiting from other cities. Two students came from Grosbeck and one came from Livingston. As the epidemiologist for the school district is there any action you need to do? Calculate and answer all questions. (A) What is the attack rate at Hillside School? Attack rate = Cumulative incidence of infection in a group observed during an epidemic X 100 Number of people exposed (B) What is the attack rate among these siblings? (C) Calculate the case fatality rate. Needed information · The incubation period of chickenpox?

Paper for above instructions

HSHA 439 Community Health Review

1. Etymology of the Word 'Health'

The word "health" originates from the Old English word "hæle," which means "wholeness, a being whole, sound or well." This term is derived from the Proto-Germanic word *hailitho, which means "whole" or "uninjured." Over time, the concept of health expanded to encompass not just the absence of disease but an overall state of physical, mental, and social well-being (Berkman et al., 2021).

2. Definition of Health

Health is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO, 2021). This multidimensional definition emphasizes the importance of human dignity and quality of life.

3. Dynamic State of Health

Health is referred to as a "dynamic state" because it is continuously influenced by a variety of factors, including lifestyle choices, social conditions, and environmental changes. This means that health can fluctuate due to various internal and external influences, rather than being a static condition (Bircher, 2005).

4. Definition of Public Health

Public health is the science and practice of promoting and protecting the health of populations through organized community efforts, informed choices, and healthy behaviors. It encompasses a wide range of activities aimed at preventing diseases and prolonging life (Graham et al., 2021).

5. Definition of Population Health

Population health refers to the health outcomes of a group of individuals, including the distribution of such outcomes within the group. It focuses on the complex interplay of various factors — social, economic, and environmental — that impact health and well-being (Kindig & Stoddart, 2003).

6. Definition of Community Health

Community health focuses specifically on the health status of a defined group or community. It emphasizes the collective health outcomes and resources of the community as a whole, while also recognizing the individuals within that population (McLeroy et al., 2003).

7. Definition of Global Health

Global health refers to health issues that transcend national boundaries and require coordinated international responses. It focuses on improving health for all people worldwide, addressing challenges like infectious diseases, health care access, and health system efficiency (Beaglehole & Bonita, 2010).

8. The Four Main Factors Affecting Community Health

1. Physical Factors: These include the environment, geography, weather, and housing conditions that can affect health outcomes (Marmot et al., 2008).
2. Social and Cultural Factors: Community values, social norms, and cultural practices profoundly influence health behaviors and perceptions (Vega et al., 2010).
3. Economic Factors: The economic status of a community can determine the availability of resources, access to healthcare, and overall health outcomes (Wilkinson & Pickett, 2009).
4. Health Services: The accessibility, quality, and availability of healthcare services are crucial for maintaining community health (Rasella et al., 2014).

9. John Snow's Contribution to Public Health

John Snow is known as the father of modern epidemiology for his work during a cholera outbreak in London in 1854. He mapped cases of cholera and identified a contaminated water pump as the outbreak source, leading to significant public health interventions (Legan et al., 2021).

10. Social Engineering and the Creation of Medicare and Medicaid

Social engineering refers to adjusting societal structures and policies to promote public welfare. Medicare and Medicaid were established in 1965 as part of the Social Security Act, providing health coverage to the elderly and low-income populations in the U.S. (Stevens et al., 2019).

11. Difference between Medicare and Medicaid

Medicare is a federal program designed for individuals aged 65 and older, while Medicaid is a joint federal-state program that provides health coverage for eligible low-income individuals and families (Oberlander, 2016).

12. Explanation of Health Disparities

Health disparities refer to differences in health outcomes and access to healthcare services among different population groups, often influenced by social determinants such as race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and geographic location (Williams & Collins, 2001).

13. Healthy People 2020

Healthy People 2020 was a program established by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services that aimed to improve the nation's health over a ten-year period. It set specific health objectives and provided a comprehensive framework for promoting health equity, eliminating disparities, and improving health overall (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2010).

14. The World Health Organization (WHO)

The World Health Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health. Its mission is to promote health, keep the world safe, and serve vulnerable populations globally (WHO, 2021).

15. National Institutes of Health (NIH)

The NIH is the primary agency in the U.S. responsible for biomedical and public health research. Key units include:
1. National Cancer Institute (NCI) - Important for cancer research and treatment advancements.
2. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) - Vital for research on infectious diseases and immune system disorders.
3. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) - Focuses on cardiovascular disease, which is a leading cause of death in the U.S. (NIH, 2021).

16. Ten Core Functions of Public Health

1. Assessment
2. Policy Development
3. Assurance
4. Communication
5. Community Engagement
6. Research
7. Workforce Development
8. Quality Improvement
9. Data Collection
10. Evaluation (CDC, 2021).

17. Annual Spending on Healthcare in the U.S.A.

As of 2021, the U.S. spent approximately .1 trillion on healthcare, accounting for nearly 19.7% of its gross domestic product (GDP) (Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, 2021).

18. Notifiable Diseases

Notifiable diseases are those that require immediate reporting to public health authorities. Four examples include:
1. Measles
2. Tuberculosis
3. Mumps
4. Pertussis (CDC, 2021).

19. Major Causes of Mortality in the U.S.A.

The five leading causes of death in the U.S. include:
1. Heart disease
2. Cancer
3. COVID-19
4. Unintentional injuries
5. Stroke (CDC, 2021).

20. Importance of Infant Mortality Data

Infant mortality data is a critical indicator of a nation’s health status as it reflects the overall health of the population, access to healthcare, socioeconomic conditions, and the effectiveness of health interventions (Matthews et al., 2017).

21. Chain of Infection

The Chain of Infection typically includes the following elements: infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, and susceptible host.

22. Acute vs. Chronic Disease

Acute diseases are characterized by sudden onset and typically short duration, while chronic diseases develop slowly and can last for a long time, often throughout life (Breslow, 2014).

23. Communicable vs. Pathogenic Agent

A communicable agent is an organism that can be transmitted between hosts, while a pathogenic agent is specifically one that causes disease (Rudolph et al., 2015).

24. Vectorborne & Nonvectorborne Diseases

Vectorborne Diseases:
1. Malaria
2. Zika virus
3. Lyme disease
4. Dengue fever
Nonvectorborne Diseases:
1. Diabetes
2. Hypertension
3. Cardiovascular disease
4. Asthma.

25. Epidemiology Practice

(A) Attack rate at Hillside School = (56 / 346) * 100 = 16.19%
(B) Attack rate among siblings = (19 / 88) * 100 = 21.59%
(C) Case fatality rate = (1 / 75) * 100 = 1.33%.
Given the two weeks of incubation for chickenpox from the visitors, consult health authorities for appropriate health surveillance and vaccination opportunities to prevent further outbreaks (CDC, 2021).

References

1. Beaglehole, R., & Bonita, R. (2010). Global Public Health: A New Era. Oxford University Press.
2. Berkman, L. F., et al. (2021). Social Epidemiology: The Social Determinants of Health. Oxford University Press.
3. Bircher, J. (2005). Towards a Dynamic Definition of Health: A Proposal. Health Promotion International.
4. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (2021). National Health Expenditure Data.
5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2021). Notifiable Diseases and Mortality Tables.
6. Graham, H., et al. (2021). Public Health: A Critical Approach. Routledge.
7. Kindig, D. A., & Stoddart, G. (2003). What Is Population Health? American Journal of Public Health.
8. Legan, J. R., et al. (2021). John Snow and the Cholera Outbreak: A Historical Perspective. American Journal of Epidemiology.
9. Marmot, M., et al. (2008). Closing the Gap in a Generation: Health Equity through Action on the Social Determinants of Health. The Lancet.
10. Williams, D. R., & Collins, C. (2001). RacialEethnic Disparities in Health: The Evidence and the Challenge. Health Affairs.