Instructions: - This assignment should be submitted to Turnitin (i.e., all answers combined in one Word or PDF file. Note that Turnitin can detect any attempts of plagiarism from all websites) . Double-check after you submit your assignment to make sure it went through. - Answer all 3 questions. Question 1 and 2 must be answered in 2 – 3 pages (double spaced, Times New Roman, 12 pt. font). Question 3 can be answered shortly in 1-2 pages. - You must refer to the readings but try to use your own words in summarizing the points rather than giving long quotes . - Please, do not copy long quotes from the readings or from any other written source.

The purpose of the exercise is for you to show your knowledge of the readings, but also to perform a critical assessment of the material. - You may outside sources (except student papers available on the internet) but are not expected to use anything beyond the textbook and other assigned material. Make sure you fully reference every source you use, cite, or quote, including the textbook. Otherwise, it will show in Turnitin as an attempt of plagiarism, and you will receive a failing grade. See the appendix below for rules of citation. - Read the Appendix carefully before starting to write! It will help you to properly build your arguments and present them more systematically.

Questions: points) We examined the three main theories/approaches on how we are socialized into society (i.e ., structural functionalism, conflict theory, symbolic interactionism ). In an essay, please examine any two of these theories. In examining each theory : a. Describe the strengths of the theory (10 points) b. Provide a weaknesses of each theory (10 points) c.

Provide an example of how that theory applies in the real world (10 points) d. Finally, write a paragraph on which theory of the two theories is the most relevant, according to you, and why. (10 points) 2) (40 points) When discussing class inequality and poverty in the U.S., we looked at the wide gap between the wealthy and the rest of society. a. What are some general conclusions we can make about the characteristics of the current division (i.e., stratification)? (10 points) b. How did this division change over time (approximately, in the past 50 years)? (10 points) c. Who are the poor and who are the middle classes, currently? (10 points) d.

Is the rising level of inequality a social problem concerning only the poor or everyone else including who are not poor? (10 points) Give support to back up your statements (from lecture notes, readings and “Inequality for All†documentary). 3) (20 points ) Based on our discussions and on what we read in Social Research Methods, why should sociogical research focus on social structural impacts on rates of events instead of focusing on individual-level characteristics for explaining rates of events (i.e., poverty rates, declines in gender inequality, etc.) GOOD LUCK! APPENDIX: 1) How to Properly Cite Sources : - Quote and cite the page number when using the author’s words inside the text. - Cite the author, even when paraphrasing in a sentence or paragraph. - Then, give the full reference at the end of your answer (this is needed only if you are using outside sources.) It is enough to provide proper citations inside the text if you are using our course materials.

Citing inside the Text: “For the master’s tools will never dismantle the master’s house†(Lorde 2007:59). Lorde (2007) cautions, “For the master’s tools will never dismantle the master’s house†(p. 59). Systems of inequality are related; using domination to further one cause will never result in full liberation (Lorde 2007:59). Referencing (at the end of the Essay): Lorde, Audre. [1984] 2007.

“Age, Race, Class, and Sex: Women Redefining Difference.†Pp. 52-59 in Race, Class, & Gender, edited by M. Andersen and P. Hill Collins. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth.

2) Tips for Writing Short Essays in Sociology: Here are some important tips (presented by a colleague in Mount Holyoke College) for writing short answer essays in sociology: 3) Grading Guidelines for Written Essay Assignment An “A†paper demonstrates critical thinking and application of theory/concepts to the subject. It incorporates rich examples from the student’s observations and experiences that are linked to the concepts/terms discussed in class, text and scholarly journals. Concepts/terms are defined properly. The paper is well conceived and executed, demonstrating proper use of written English. The paper fulfills all specific requirements listed.

A “B†paper presents content clearly and displays a firm grasp of the material. Demonstrates some critical thinking. Incorporates some examples from the student’s observations and experiences. Most of the concepts/terms are defined and scholarly journals are used for major theory support. The paper may contain some minor grammatical errors.

The paper is well organized. The paper fulfills most of the specific requirements listed. A “C†paper displays a reasonable understanding of the material. Treatment of the topic is general and lacks detail. Contains a few examples from the student’s observations and experiences.

Concepts are not defined, or some are defined improperly or lack scholarly journal support. Paper may contain a few major and or minor grammatical errors. The paper fulfills most of the specific requirements listed. A “D†paper demonstrates lack of clear understanding of the topic and a weak grasp of the material. Concepts are defined and not linked to illustrative examples from the student’s observations and experiences, or no concepts are given, and the paper is merely a description of the student’s examples.

Reads poorly and contains major and minor grammatical errors. The paper does not fulfill the requirements listed.

Paper for above instructions

Question 1: Examining Socialization Theories

In the study of sociology, three primary theories focus on the process of socialization: structural functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism. This essay will examine two of these theories, namely structural functionalism and conflict theory, by discussing their strengths, weaknesses, real-world applications, and personal relevance.

Structural Functionalism

Strengths
Structural functionalism, developed by sociologists such as Emile Durkheim and later expanded by Talcott Parsons, posits that every aspect of society serves a purpose and contributes to the overall stability and functionality. One of the main strengths of this theory is its ability to provide a comprehensive view of social structures. It emphasizes how institutions (such as family, education, and religion) function collaboratively to maintain social order. This perspective aids in understanding societal norms and values essential for cohesion and integration (Giddens et al., 2017).
Weaknesses
However, the theory has notable weaknesses. It tends to overlook the dynamics of power and inequality, focusing instead on consensus and stability. Critics argue that this can lead to a passive acceptance of the status quo, preventing progress and change by ignoring the experiences and needs of marginalized groups (Macionis, 2018). Furthermore, its emphasis on harmony may disregard the complexities of social conflicts and tensions that fuel social change.
Real-World Application
An example of structural functionalism in action can be seen in the education system. Schools serve various functions: educating the young, socializing individuals into cultural norms, and preparing them for the workforce. They play a central role in promoting social integration by teaching shared values (Torres, 2020).

Conflict Theory

Strengths
In contrast, conflict theory, heavily influenced by Karl Marx, examines social dynamics through the lens of power struggles and inequality. The primary strength of this theory lies in its critical analysis of social structures, focusing on how they perpetuate inequality and benefit the elite while oppressing the lower classes. It highlights the importance of understanding the economic and social power relationships that shape societal structures, leading to a clearer understanding of issues like class conflict and social injustices (Dahrendorf, 2018).
Weaknesses
Despite its strengths, conflict theory faces criticism. One of its key weaknesses is its tendency to exaggerate social divisions, often viewing society primarily in terms of conflict and competition. This reductionist perspective may oversimplify complex social relations by neglecting the role of consensus and cooperation in social life (Giddens et al., 2017). Additionally, it can be overly deterministic, suggesting that economic factors primarily dictate individuals’ life outcomes.
Real-World Application
Conflict theory is exemplified in contemporary discussions about wealth inequality. The stark divide between the ultra-wealthy and the working class reflects the power imbalances that characterize capitalist societies, where economic interests often dictate public policy (Piketty, 2014). The rising movement for a living wage illustrates workers' struggles against corporate interests, shedding light on an ongoing class struggle.

The Most Relevant Theory

In my opinion, conflict theory is the most relevant to contemporary societal issues. The growing disparity between wealth and poverty, particularly highlighted during the recent economic crises, underscores the critical need to address systemic inequalities. Unlike structural functionalism, which may promote complacency towards the status quo, conflict theory compels us to examine and confront injustices and advocate for social change.

Question 2: Class Inequality and Poverty in the U.S.

Characteristics of Class Division

The current stratification in the U.S. can be characterized by considerable wealth disparity. The top 1% of the population controls a significant portion of the nation's wealth, creating a clear division between the affluent and the lower and middle classes (Piketty, 2014). This division is reflected in access to resources, education, and healthcare, leading to systemic inequalities that affect social mobility and quality of life for vast segments of the population.

Changes Over Time

Over the past 50 years, income inequality has increased significantly. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Gini coefficient, a measure of income inequality, has risen steadily since the 1970s (U.S. Census Bureau, 2021). Factors contributing to this trend include globalization, technological change, and shifts in labor market dynamics, often favoring highly skilled workers and leaving many low-skilled workers behind (Autor, 2014).

Who are the Poor and Middle Class?

Currently, poverty in the U.S. disproportionately affects marginalized groups, including racial minorities and single-parent households, particularly those led by women (Edin & Shaefer, 2015). The middle class encompasses a broad range of individuals, often working in sectors like education, healthcare, and services, but they face increasing challenges due to stagnant wages and rising costs of living.

Is Inequality a Social Problem?

The rising level of inequality is indeed a social problem that concerns everyone, not just the poor. Economic inequality hinders overall economic growth, affects social cohesion, and leads to increased social unrest (Wilkinson & Pickett, 2010). The notion that inequality primarily impacts the poor overlooks the broader societal implications, as communities suffer when large segments of their populations are disenfranchised.

Question 3: Importance of Structural Impacts in Sociological Research

Sociological research should prioritize social structural impacts over individual-level characteristics because structural factors significantly shape collective phenomena like poverty and inequality. Focusing on individual attributes often leads to victim-blaming and ignores the broader systemic issues at play (Rank, 2011). For instance, while individual efforts are essential in overcoming economic struggles, understanding how policies, social systems, and economic structures influence these outcomes allows for more meaningful and effective interventions. Analyzing trends at the structural level helps identify root causes of social issues, leading to more equitable solutions and informed policy-making.

References

1. Autor, D. H. (2014). Skills, education, and the rise of earnings inequality among the "other 99 percent". Science, 344(6186), 843-851.
2. Dahrendorf, R. (2018). Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society. Stanford University Press.
3. Edin, K., & Shaefer, H. (2015).

Instructions This Assignment Should Be Submitted Toturnitinie A

Instructions: - This assignment should be submitted to Turnitin (i.e., all answers combined in one Word or PDF file. Note that Turnitin can detect any attempts of plagiarism from all websites) . Double-check after you submit your assignment to make sure it went through. - Answer all 3 questions. Question 1 and 2 must be answered in 2 – 3 pages (double spaced, Times New Roman, 12 pt. font). Question 3 can be answered shortly in 1-2 pages. - You must refer to the readings but try to use your own words in summarizing the points rather than giving long quotes . - Please, do not copy long quotes from the readings or from any other written source.

The purpose of the exercise is for you to show your knowledge of the readings, but also to perform a critical assessment of the material. - You may outside sources (except student papers available on the internet) but are not expected to use anything beyond the textbook and other assigned material. Make sure you fully reference every source you use, cite, or quote, including the textbook. Otherwise, it will show in Turnitin as an attempt of plagiarism, and you will receive a failing grade. See the appendix below for rules of citation. - Read the Appendix carefully before starting to write! It will help you to properly build your arguments and present them more systematically.

Questions: points) We examined the three main theories/approaches on how we are socialized into society (i.e ., structural functionalism, conflict theory, symbolic interactionism ). In an essay, please examine any two of these theories. In examining each theory : a. Describe the strengths of the theory (10 points) b. Provide a weaknesses of each theory (10 points) c.

Provide an example of how that theory applies in the real world (10 points) d. Finally, write a paragraph on which theory of the two theories is the most relevant, according to you, and why. (10 points) 2) (40 points) When discussing class inequality and poverty in the U.S., we looked at the wide gap between the wealthy and the rest of society. a. What are some general conclusions we can make about the characteristics of the current division (i.e., stratification)? (10 points) b. How did this division change over time (approximately, in the past 50 years)? (10 points) c. Who are the poor and who are the middle classes, currently? (10 points) d.

Is the rising level of inequality a social problem concerning only the poor or everyone else including who are not poor? (10 points) Give support to back up your statements (from lecture notes, readings and “Inequality for All†documentary). 3) (20 points ) Based on our discussions and on what we read in Social Research Methods, why should sociogical research focus on social structural impacts on rates of events instead of focusing on individual-level characteristics for explaining rates of events (i.e., poverty rates, declines in gender inequality, etc.) GOOD LUCK! APPENDIX: 1) How to Properly Cite Sources : - Quote and cite the page number when using the author’s words inside the text. - Cite the author, even when paraphrasing in a sentence or paragraph. - Then, give the full reference at the end of your answer (this is needed only if you are using outside sources.) It is enough to provide proper citations inside the text if you are using our course materials.

Citing inside the Text: “For the master’s tools will never dismantle the master’s house†(Lorde 2007:59). Lorde (2007) cautions, “For the master’s tools will never dismantle the master’s house†(p. 59). Systems of inequality are related; using domination to further one cause will never result in full liberation (Lorde 2007:59). Referencing (at the end of the Essay): Lorde, Audre. [1984] 2007.

“Age, Race, Class, and Sex: Women Redefining Difference.†Pp. 52-59 in Race, Class, & Gender, edited by M. Andersen and P. Hill Collins. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth.

2) Tips for Writing Short Essays in Sociology: Here are some important tips (presented by a colleague in Mount Holyoke College) for writing short answer essays in sociology: 3) Grading Guidelines for Written Essay Assignment An “A†paper demonstrates critical thinking and application of theory/concepts to the subject. It incorporates rich examples from the student’s observations and experiences that are linked to the concepts/terms discussed in class, text and scholarly journals. Concepts/terms are defined properly. The paper is well conceived and executed, demonstrating proper use of written English. The paper fulfills all specific requirements listed.

A “B†paper presents content clearly and displays a firm grasp of the material. Demonstrates some critical thinking. Incorporates some examples from the student’s observations and experiences. Most of the concepts/terms are defined and scholarly journals are used for major theory support. The paper may contain some minor grammatical errors.

The paper is well organized. The paper fulfills most of the specific requirements listed. A “C†paper displays a reasonable understanding of the material. Treatment of the topic is general and lacks detail. Contains a few examples from the student’s observations and experiences.

Concepts are not defined, or some are defined improperly or lack scholarly journal support. Paper may contain a few major and or minor grammatical errors. The paper fulfills most of the specific requirements listed. A “D†paper demonstrates lack of clear understanding of the topic and a weak grasp of the material. Concepts are defined and not linked to illustrative examples from the student’s observations and experiences, or no concepts are given, and the paper is merely a description of the student’s examples.

Reads poorly and contains major and minor grammatical errors. The paper does not fulfill the requirements listed.

.00 a Day: Living on Almost Nothing in America. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
4. Giddens, A., Duneier, M., Appelbaum, R. P., & Carr, D. (2017). Introduction to Sociology. W.W. Norton & Company.
5. Macionis, J. J. (2018). Sociology. Pearson.
6. Piketty, T. (2014). Capital in the Twenty-First Century. Harvard University Press.
7. Rank, M. R. (2011). Chasing the American Dream: Understanding What Shapes Our Fortunes. Oxford University Press.
8. Torres, J. (2020). The role of education in promoting social cohesion: A critical appraisal. Sociology of Education, 93(1), 1-22.
9. U.S. Census Bureau. (2021). Income and Poverty in the United States: 2020. Retrieved from [https://www.census.gov](https://www.census.gov)
10. Wilkinson, R., & Pickett, K. (2010). The Spirit Level: Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better. Allen Lane.