Introduction The Development Of Philosophysocrates The Unexamined ✓ Solved

Introduction the Development of Philosophy, Socrates ( "the unexamined life is not worth living" Demonstrate knowledge on: What is Philosophy? The noun philosophy means the study of proper behavior, and the search for wisdom. The original meaning of the word philosophy comes from the Greek roots philo- meaning "love" and -sophos, or "wisdom." ... In other words, they want to know the meaning of life. Watch Video: What is Philosophy What is Ethics?

Ethics or moral philosophy is a branch of philosophy that involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong conduct. ... Ethics seeks to resolve questions of human morality by defining concepts such as good and evil, right and wrong, virtue and vice, justice and crime. ‎View Video: What is Ethics ‎ 4,200 religions According to some estimates, there are roughly 4,200 religions in the world . The word religion is sometimes used interchangeably with "faith" or "belief system", but religion differs from private belief in that it has a public aspect. List of Religions and Spiritual Traditions - › wiki › List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions Forms of Religious Belief : Monotheism, Atheism, Polytheism, Agnostic A.

Monotheism The term monotheism comes from the Greek monos , (one) and theos (god). Thus, monotheism is the belief in the existence of a single god. B. Polytheism which is a belief in many gods C. Atheism An atheist doesn't believe in a god or divine being. ...

D. Agnostic an agnostic neither believes nor disbelieves in a god or religious doctrine. Agnostics assert that it's impossible for human beings to know anything about how the universe was created and if divine beings exist.They are open to the possibility of a divine being an atheist is not open to such a possibility. Two Types of Religions/Historical and Mythological Religions Mythological Religion Mythology is the main component of Religion . It refers to systems of legends and stories and concepts that are of high importance to a certain community, making statements concerning the supernatural or sacred .

Religion is the broader term, besides mythological system, it includes ritual . A given mythology is almost always associated with a certain religion such as Greek mythology with Ancient Greek religion . Disconnected from its religious system, a myth may lose its immediate relevance to the community and evolve—away from sacred importance—into a legend or folktale . Historical Religions can be traced back in history to actual people, places and events which are documented in history and archeology. Information about the teachings and life situation of Jesus, Mohammed, Moses, The Jewish Prophets can be found in historical records.

Religious Theory Philosophy ( Ethics based on a Religious teaching) Religious philosophy is philosophical thinking that is inspired and directed by a particular religion . It can be done objectively, but may also be done as a persuasion tool by believers in that faith.It guides a personson's action and choices based on religious teachings. A. Mythology and legends as the basis of truth in the ancient world (watch the video The Gallery of the Gods) Zeus: the King of the Greek Gods Hera: the Queen of the Greek Gods married to Zeus Predestination: Ancient Greek religion taught that human lives were at the mercy of fate which is determined by the Gods) People were subject to their destiny with no chance to change their lives Socrates (the Father of Classical Philosophy ) At the time of Sacrates, Ehics were based upon Greek Mythology Religion A.

The great question of Socrates? Can I know GOOD apart from GOD/RELIGION B. The Great Statement of Socrates : The Unexamined Life is not Worth Living THis semester we will be analyzing Ethical Questions from two opposing philosophical positions A. Judeo-Christian Traditio n Teaches that there is an Objective Truth revealed by God to human beings on how to live a good life. It is contained in the teachings of the Old and New Testament) B.

Secular Humanism everything is subjective it teaches that there No God and that human beings have no spiritual nature. They are just a physical body. Human beings create their own ideas of right and wrong subject to their own will. Human beings become their own God.) What is Revelation The word “revelation†comes from the word “reveal.†Revelation is “something that is revealed.†Biblically, the word “revelation†refers to something revealed by a spiritual source, which may be God, the Lord Jesus Christ. The “book of Revelation†is so called because its contents were revealed by God to Jesus, who revealed it to an angel, who revealed it to the Apostle John (Rev.

1:1). For Christians it is the teachings in the Old and New Testaments . For Jews it teachings in the Old testament What is the Covenant in Judaeo Christian Tradition? Covenant . Literally, a contract.

In the Bible (see also Bible ), an agreement between God and his people, in which God makes promises to his people and, usually, requires certain conduct from them. In the Old Testament, God made agreements with Noah, Abraham, and Moses. What are the Ten Commandments Also known as the Decalogue , the Ten Commandments come from the Old Testament of the Bible, where they are revealed to Moses on Mt. Sinai and carved into two stone tablets. The commandments are mentioned as laws in Exodus 24:12-13 and named as the Ten Commandments in Exodus 34:28.

The phrase appears in English as early as 1280. The seminal 1611 King James Version of the Bible renders the commandments in the now familiar and widely quoted Thou shalt not formula and are summarized as follows: 1. Thou shalt have no other gods before me. 2. Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image.

3. Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain. 4. Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy. 5.

Honour thy father and thy mother 6. Thou shalt not kill. 7. Thou shalt not commit adultery. 8.

Thou shalt not steal. 9. Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour. 10. Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor’s house (wife, servants, and animals).

Forming the basis of Judeo-Christian morality and ethics, theTen Commandments are widely taught, memorized, cited, and displayed by Jews and Christians, referenced in everything from Sunday School to bumper stickers. Assignment Summary A. Review Course Syllabus and expectations for the course B. Send Email you have entered into course by March 12 C. Respond to Discussion Board Question#1 and respond to another student's post for full credit this assignment is due March 18 at 11pm.

D. ONLINE QUIZ#1 on March 18, 2021 on March 11 Week I material. Quiz will post at 9am and be due at 11pm you will have 45minutes to complete the quiz E. Note: Once you leave the quiz the program will not let you back into the quiz F. Discussion Board Questions can be located under COLLABORATION/FORUMS on course shell G.

View 6 backround videos for the topics in this class ( Go to Week I click on Unit Video Scroll Down for videos) H. Check rubrics for Discussion Boards attached to Syllabus online Understanding Secular Humanism vs Judeo Christian Tradition Unit Objectives 1.Complete Discussion Board Question#1 on Secular Humanism vs Judeo Christian Tradition Go to Collaboration and click on/Forums Discussion Board #1 to post. This Discussion Board assignment is due on March 18, 2021 at 11pm 2. Quiz#1 will be found under Courseworks and will cover Week I class material .It will post on March 18 at 9am and will close at 11pm. You will have 45 minutes to complete the quiz.

Note:Once you leave the quiz the program will not let you back into the quiz Continuing this Week I material we begin to look at two different philosophical approaches to Ethics We will also be learning some ethical theory definitions. ( scroll down for definitions) Watch videos for background information on the topics Be able to demonstrate knowledge of: 1. Concept of Religious Theory Philosophy ( concepts of right and wrong given by God in Revelation) 2. Secular Humanism( given by Man) and Judeo Christian Tradition ( combination of Jewish and Christian faith) Judeo-Christian( definition) In this philosophy GOD is GOD and reveals right and wrong action in His Commandments it is a term that groups Judaism and Christianity , either in reference to Christianity's derivation from Judaism , both religions' common use of the Bible, or due to perceived parallels or commonalities shared values between those two religions, which has become part of the development of laws and civilization of Western culture in Europe and the Americas The term became prevalent towards the middle of the 20th century in the United States to link broader principles of Judeo-Christian ethics such as the dignity of human life, adherence to the Abrahamic covenant , common decency, and support of traditional family values. [1] The concept of "Judeo-Christian values" in an ethical (rather than theological or liturgical) sense was used by George Orwell in 1939, with the phrase "the Judaeo-Christian scheme of morals." [2] It has become part of the American civil religion since the 1940s.

Secular Humanism (definition) In this form of philosophy MAN IS HIS OWN GOD Secular humanism, or simply humanism, is a philosophy or life stance that embraces human reason, ethics, and philosophical naturalism while specifically rejecting religious dogma, supernaturalism, pseudoscience, and superstition as the basis of morality and decision making. Belief in Deity Not considered important. Most Humanists are atheists or agnostics. • Incarnations Same as above. • Origin of Universe and Life The scientific method is most respected as the means for revealing the mysteries of the origins of the universe and life. • After Death An afterlife or spiritual existence after death is not recognized. • Why Evil?

No concept of “evil.†Reasons for wrongdoing are explored through scientific methods, e.g. through study of sociology, psychology, criminology. • Salvation No concept of afterlife or spiritual liberation or salvation. Realizing ones personal potential and working for the betterment of humanity through ethical consciousness and social works are considered paramount, but from a naturalistic rather than supernatural standpoint. • Undeserved Suffering No spiritual reasons but rather a matter of human vulnerability to misfortune, illness, and victimization. • Contemporary Issues The American Humanist Association endorses elective abortion. Other contemporary views include working for equality for homosexuals, gender equality, a secular approach to divorce and remarriage, working to end poverty, promoting peace and nonviolence, and environmental protection.

Assignment Summary Introductory Philosophical Terms and Concepts in Ethics Philosophy The study of the Love of Wisdom from the past used in the present Ethics the study of morality what is considered "good" and "bad" right and wrong human conduct and behavior Moral what is considered good or right. Should be characterized by pleasure, happiness and harmony in one's life Immoral what is considered bad or wrong characterized by unhappiness and disharmony in one's life Amoral A person having no moral sense or being indifferent to right and wrong actions. Survival of self the only value. Sometimes the result of physical/psychological imbalance in the brain. Nonmoral usually involves objects and their use.

Involves objects and how they are used to give them a moral quality For example, A Gun or Knife if used to hunt food for family it is a GOOD, if used to kill neighbor in an argument it is BAD Four Aspects of Morality Religious Morality concerned with human beings in relationship to a supernatural being Morality and Nature human beings in relationship and respectful of the natural world of God's creation Individual Morality human beings in relation to themselves, self respect important value Social Morality human beings in relation to other human beings, a social consciousness is a value Morality is Objective moral laws are revealed by a divine being to human beings thus must be followed as written Morality is Subjective human beings create their own moral laws Customary/Traditional Morality moral laws are based on inherited custom and tradition often accepted without thought or reflection.

A person is born into a religion in one's family and identifies with it even though they may not practice the religion. Reflective Morality critical evaluation of all moral issues whether or not they are based on religion, custom or tradition Morality and the Law what is legal may not always be moral. Legal means I may do something without fear of punishmen t. Moral asks the question: Should I do this action?? Morality and Religion/The Question of Truth human beings believe that their religion teaches them the truth about right and wrong actions and choices. Revelation God reveals his will for good and bad in the Old and New Testament Example: Ten Commandments Covenant A Free Will agreement between God and and the individual person to accept Revelation(the teachings in the Bible) as a rule for life's ethical choices

Paper for above instructions

Introduction to Philosophy

Philosophy, derived from the Greek words "philo" (love) and "sophia" (wisdom), fundamentally embodies the quest for truth and understanding in various dimensions of human existence. It encourages critical examination of the world and the principles guiding human behavior (Lemos, 2012). This quest often leads to profound inquiries about existence, ethics, meaning, and the nature of knowledge itself. In essence, philosophy seeks to understand the complexities of life, urging individuals to ponder the significant questions of existence, morality, and society (Hursthouse, 1999).

The Importance of Ethics in Philosophy

Ethics, a crucial branch of philosophy, involves the systematic study of moral principles that govern an individual's behavior and decision-making. It seeks to discern right from wrong, virtue from vice, often grappling with moral dilemmas that arise in daily life (Rachels, 2011). The importance of ethical philosophy becomes evident when considering the vast array of belief systems—approximately 4,200 religions worldwide, each presenting unique moral frameworks and views of the divine (Adogame, 2013). Ethical inquiries often intersect with religious beliefs, creating a rich tapestry of perspectives on what constitutes a good life.

Understanding Religious Belief Systems

Religious beliefs can be classified into several categories: monotheism (belief in a single God), polytheism (belief in multiple deities), atheism (the absence of belief in any god), and agnosticism (the view that the existence of a deity is unknown or unknowable) (Palmer, 2019). Each of these stances offers distinct frameworks through which adherents define moral principles. Historical religions, like Christianity and Islam, have documented teachings attributed to acknowledged historical figures, while mythological religions present narratives that communicate moral lessons through allegory and symbolism.

Socrates: The Father of Classical Philosophy

Amongst the early philosophers, Socrates (470-399 BCE) played an instrumental role in shaping Western philosophical thought. His contributions were pivotal during a time when ethics were often derived from prevailing mythological beliefs. Socrates offered a refreshing perspective, emphasizing rational dialogue and reasoned inquiry as vital tools for uncovering ethical truths (Kahn, 2000).

Key Contributions: Ethical Inquiry and the Unexamined Life

At the heart of Socratic philosophy lies the famous aphorism: "The unexamined life is not worth living" (Plato, Apology 38a). This statement encapsulates Socrates' belief that individuals must engage in critical self-reflection and dialogue to lead meaningful lives. Philosophers since Socrates have interpreted this as an essential call to scrutinize one’s beliefs, behaviors, and the foundations of ethical understanding (Brickhouse & Smith, 2000).
Socrates employed a method of questioning now known as the "Socratic Method," wherein he encouraged interlocutors to articulate their views and then systematically dissected those views through probing questions. This method revealed inconsistencies in thought and compelled individuals to reconsider their assumptions (McComas, 2014).

The Dual Ethical Frameworks of Judeo-Christian and Secular Humanist Traditions

In contemporary philosophy, two recognizable ethical paradigms emerge: the Judeo-Christian tradition and secular humanism. The Judeo-Christian framework posits that there exists an objective truth revealed by God, as demonstrated in the teachings of the Bible. Adherents to this tradition view moral principles, such as the Ten Commandments, as divine commandments guiding human conduct (Ratzinger, 2005).
Conversely, secular humanism centers the authority of human intellect and reason, often rejecting supernatural explanations for morality. In this view, morality is subjective and derived from human experiences and rational thought (Lukes, 2015). Secular humanists argue that individuals create their moral codes based on societal consensus, personal experiences, and scientific understanding (Kirk, 2015).

Comparative Analysis of Ethical Perspectives

The juxtaposition of these two philosophical stances raises important questions about the nature of morality. The Judeo-Christian approach asserts that humans are accountable to a higher power, which infuses life with intrinsic meaning and moral authority. In contrast, secular humanism emphasizes individual autonomy and collective responsibility without reliance on divine oversight (MacIntyre, 2007).
For example, while Judeo-Christian ethics may view acts of compassion and charity as divinely ordained, secular humanists might interpret these actions as socially beneficial for ensuring a harmonious society. Consequently, the discourse between these two perspectives can stimulate richer moral discussions, compelling individuals to reflect on the sources of their ethical beliefs (Hitchens, 2007).

Socrates’ Legacy

Socrates’ emphasis on ethical examination has laid the groundwork for subsequent philosophical inquiry and discourse. His assertion that “the unexamined life is not worth living” continues to resonate as a guiding principle for those striving for greater understanding of self and morality (Nussbaum, 2010).
Through engaging with Socratic thought and the ethical frameworks that have matured since his time, individuals can discern nuanced approaches to moral questions. This exploration fosters a deeper appreciation for the complexities of human existence and the diverse beliefs that shape our ethical landscape.

Conclusion

The development of philosophy, exemplified through the thoughts of Socrates, underscores the significance of inquiry and reflection in ethical understanding. As individuals navigate various belief systems and moral paradigms, the challenge remains to critically engage with one's own assumptions and values. In this way, philosophy remains an invaluable pursuit, empowering lives with purpose, insight, and understanding.

References

1. Adogame, A. (2013). Religion in the Contemporary World: A Global Perspective. Routledge.
2. Brickhouse, T. C., & Smith, N. D. (2000). Socrates on Trial. Princeton University Press.
3. Hitchens, C. (2007). God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything. Twelve.
4. Hursthouse, R. (1999). On Virtue Ethics. Oxford University Press.
5. Kahn, C. H. (2000). Plato and the Socratic Dialogues. Cambridge University Press.
6. Kirk, R. (2015). The Conservative Mind. Regnery Publishing.
7. Lemos, S. (2012). An Introduction to the Philosophy of Language. Oxford University Press.
8. Lukes, S. (2015). Debating Human Rights. The British Academy.
9. MacIntyre, A. (2007). After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory. University of Notre Dame Press.
10. Nussbaum, M. (2010). Not For Profit: Why Democracy Needs the Humanities. Princeton University Press.
11. Palmer, R. (2019). The Nature of Religion: A Philosophical Analysis. Oxford University Press.
12. Rachels, J. (2011). The Elements of Moral Philosophy. McGraw-Hill.
13. Ratzinger, J. (2005). Truth and Tolerance: Christian Belief and World Religions. Ignatius Press.