Introductionfeminism Is An Array Of Movements And Ideologies Which Hav ✓ Solved
Introduction Feminism is an array of movements and ideologies which have a common objective, that is, to define, to establish, and to attain equal personal, social, cultural, economic, and political rights for women (Hawkensworth, 2006; Beasley, 1999). This involves the attempts to attain equal rights and opportunities. According to Hooks (2000), feminism activists fight or advocates for the rights and equality of women. Feminist’s organizations and movements all over the world Comment by Cari Beecham-Bautista: This is a fragment – it should be your thesis statement, letting the reader know what you’ll be covering in the paper. In the United States and some other countries in the world like France, Netherlands, India among others have experienced a long history in feminist movements and activism.
In these countries, there have been many women who have championed for the feminist perspective from the past recent centuries. In 1848, there was the initial wave of feminism that was associated with the antislavery agenda and it was thus meant to abolish the slavery on women (Jurik, 1999). This was referred to as the “first wave†and it was aimed at the acquisition of political rights for women. The second wave came in the late 1960s and it was dubbed the Women’s Liberation movement. The second wave feminism attracted membership from the women who were working in the Civil Rights, students, and the anti-Vietnam War advocates (Jurik, 1999).
It was aimed at attaining equal legitimate access to opportunities in the society. The third wave was in the 1980s and it was concerned mainly with issues of patriarchy. Ever since then several feminist theories have been developed and this includes the socialist feminism. Comment by Cari Beecham-Bautista: This is where the thesis statement would have been handy. Right now, it is not clear what you are researching, since all you have is a very broad historical overview.
What specific issue are you researching for this paper? must be a minimum of 4-5 pages long in addition to having a title and reference page. It should demonstrate a strong thesis statement supported by research from at least 5 different sources. Include in-text citations from references using APA format throughout the paper. make sure that your research paper includes the following: • A thesis statement clearly stated, which outlines what the paper is about. •Information which supports the thesis statement. •Your information presented clearly and sequentially. •A conclusion which is an accurate portrayal of the information. •Sources cited in correct APA format. •Include at least one sociological theory to support your research.
Reference. Allen, A.T. (1999). “ Feminism, Social Science, and the Meanings of Modernity: The Debate of the Origin of the Family in Europe and the United States, â€. The American Historical Review, ), Comment by Cari Beecham-Bautista: While these are all interesting sources, they are mostly focused on history and philosophy – I’m not seeing any sociology here except for Merton, which doesn’t connect explicitly to the topic. Baird, V. (1992) “Simply: A History of Feminism .†New Internationalist: 227.
Retrieved from: Beasley, C. (1999). What is Feminism? New York: Sage. Bonner, F., Goodman, L., Allen, R., Jones, L., & King, C. (1992). Imaging Women: Cultural Representations and Gender.
Cambridge, UK: Polity Press/ Open University. Goldstein, L. (1982). “Early Feminist Themes in French Utopian Socialism: The St-Simonians and Fourierâ€, Journal of the History Ideas, 43 (1) , p.92 Hawkensworth, M.E. (2006). Globalization and Feminist Activism . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Hooks, B. (2000). Feminism for Everybody: Passionate Politics . Pluto Press Lewis, J. J. (2006). ‘‘ Women’s History : Cultural Feminism,’’ Retrieved from Jurik, N. C. (1999) “Socialist-Feminist Criminology and Social Justice.†In Social Justice/Criminal Justice : The Maturation of Critical Theory in Law, Crime, and Deviance.
Pp31-50 Merton, R. K. (1938). Social Structure and Anomie. American Sociological Review, 3, Sample Environmental Events Log Entries Ocean Acidification This article from the Environmental News Network caught my attention because I rarely hear about the oceanic events beyond comments concerning the ocean's temperature. The article draws attention to the acidification of the ocean that occurs when the waters absorb carbon dioxide.
In history, the ocean's pH balance changed with pollutant CO2, but the rate and amount of change was less than current increases. If the rate of pollution continues, calcifiers already struggling may go extinct as some species did in historically when the chemical changes were less dramatic. This item relates directly to what we covered in Chapter 7. Source: Winter, Allison. "Ocean Acidification Occurring at Unprecedented rates".ENN.
Sept. 25,2012 Ocean Salinity and Climate Change NASA is taking an expedition to the saltiest part of the North Atlantic to study how the saltiness of the ocean relates to climate change as a part of their Salinity Processes in the Upper Ocean Regional Study (SPURS). I find this interesting because biologists already use pH as a measurement of health for aquatic biomes, why not test salt-to-water variation to view oceanic changes? This voyage will increase knowledge of the acceleration of the Earth's water cycle. Oceanographers claim that the ocean records rainfall better than landmasses and translates these fluctuations in to salinity changes.
Along with recording new salinity levels, the researchers are delving into the drivers of these changes. Hopefully, the results of the SPURS expedition will yield information that helps studies of other areas with major salinity changes and how they will affect the water cycle in surrounding areas. This topic relates to material in Chapter 11. Source: Cole, Steve. NASA - NASA Voyage Set To Explore Link Between Sea Saltiness And Climate. (n.d.).
Retrieved October 6, 2012, from Changes in Arctic Winds According to a study by "scientists from Rutgers University in New Jersey, the University of Sheffield in the United Kingdom, and the Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean, a partnership of NOAA and the University of Washington.", Arctic winds that normally travel west to east circulating the cold air are now moving south to north. This change further warms the Arctic from the warmer air currents. Since 2007, the air currents from the south are increasing contributing the record ice loss this summer. The article caught my eye because the change in air currents and their immediate results of ice loss will dramatically affect the Northern hemisphere causing drastic climate changes.
This topic relates to what we covered in Chapter 5. Source: Arctic summer wind shift could affect sea ice loss and U.S./European weather, says NOAA-led study. (n.d.). Retrieved October 14, 2012, from
Paper for above instructions
Title: Evolution of Feminism: From Historical Roots to Contemporary ChallengesThesis Statement: This paper aims to explore the historical evolution of feminism, its various waves, the present challenges faced by feminist movements in achieving gender equality and analyze these issues through the lens of feminist and sociological theories.
Introduction
Feminism is an array of movements and ideologies advocating for the equal rights and opportunities of women in social, political, economic, and cultural domains (Hawkesworth, 2006; Beasley, 1999). Feminist activists, as noted by Hooks (2000), strive to illuminate and dismantle structures of oppression that hinder women's progress towards equality. This essay delves into the historical waves of feminism in different countries, such as the United States, France, the Netherlands, and India, as well as contemporary challenges facing feminist movements today. The analysis is aimed at providing a comprehensive understanding of the evolution of feminism and its relevance in modern society.
Historical Overview of Feminism
The history of feminism can be segmented into three waves. The first wave, which emerged in the late 19th to early 20th century, primarily focused on women's suffrage and legal rights. It was driven by the abolitionist movement and sought to address issues such as property rights, education, and voting rights (Jurik, 1999). Key figures like Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton were central to this movement in the United States, advocating for women's rights in various socio-political contexts.
The second wave, taking shape in the late 1960s, coincided with the Women’s Liberation Movement and expanded upon the aspirations of the first wave. Activists in this era tackled broader societal issues, including reproductive rights, workplace discrimination, and sexual liberation (Jurik, 1999). The feminist ideals of the second wave attracted individuals from numerous movements, including civil rights and anti-war Campaigns.
The third wave of feminism emerged in the 1980s, seeking to address the limitations of the previous waves. It focused on issues of individuality, diversity, and the intersectionality of gender, race, and class (Beasley, 1999). Third-wave feminists argued for a more inclusive perspective, recognizing that women's experiences are shaped by multiple and interlocking identities and systems of oppression.
Contemporary Feminist Movements
Despite the progress made over the past century, contemporary feminist movements face significant challenges. The rise of globalization and the increasing intersectionality within the feminist discourse bring both opportunities and hurdles for modern feminists. Many feminists argue that contemporary movements must confront issues such as human trafficking, economic inequality, and violence against women (Hawkesworth, 2006).
The concept of intersectionality, introduced by Kimberlé Crenshaw, emphasizes that oppressions are interlinked, and understanding these intersections is crucial for effective feminist activism. As contemporary feminists embark on global issues, the need for collaborative international efforts for women's rights remains paramount (Hooks, 2000). Emerging from diverse cultural and economic contexts, feminists worldwide have to confront unique challenges that necessitate tailored solutions.
Theoretical Perspectives on Feminism
In analyzing feminism through sociological perspectives, the concept of social structure and anomie by Robert K. Merton can provide vital insight. Merton (1938) argued that in societies where there is a discrepancy between culturally approved goals and the means available to achieve them, individuals tend to experience anomie, a state of normlessness. In relation to feminism, this theory can be applied to examine how the institutional structures may create barriers for women, especially women from marginalized communities, in striving for their rights and equality.
Additionally, Socialist Feminism posits that the liberation of women is intrinsically linked to the liberation of all marginalized groups, specifically in terms of the economic structures in society. It argues that capitalism inherently breeds inequality, making it imperative for feminist movements to align with broader social justice efforts (Jurik, 1999). This approach provides a lens through which to assess the systemic roots of women’s oppression and inspires collective action among various social justice movements.
Conclusion
Feminism's journey from advocacy for suffrage to multifaceted movements that confront a plethora of social injustices highlights the evolution of feminist ideologies and activism. While monumental strides have been made in achieving gender equality, contemporary feminist movements encounter significant challenges that demand continued advocacy and collaboration across various sectors of society. By integrating sociological theories such as Merton's concept of anomie and the principles of socialist feminism, feminists today can better understand and address the complexities of their movement, ultimately striving for a more equitable and just world for all.
References
1. Allen, A. T. (1999). Feminism, social science, and the meanings of modernity. The American Historical Review.
2. Baird, V. (1992). Simply: A history of feminism. New Internationalist.
3. Beasley, C. (1999). What is feminism? New York: Sage.
4. Bonner, F., Goodman, L., Allen, R., Jones, L., & King, C. (1992). Imaging women: Cultural representations and gender. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press/Open University.
5. Goldstein, L. (1982). Early feminist themes in French utopian socialism: The St-Simonians and Fourier. Journal of the History Ideas, 43(1), p.92.
6. Hawkesworth, M. E. (2006). Globalization and feminist activism. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
7. Hooks, B. (2000). Feminism for everybody: Passionate politics. Pluto Press.
8. Jurik, N. C. (1999). Socialist-feminist criminology and social justice. In Social justice/criminal justice: The maturation of critical theory in law, crime, and deviance (pp. 31-50).
9. Lewis, J. J. (2006). Women’s history: Cultural feminism.
10. Merton, R. K. (1938). Social structure and anomie. American Sociological Review, 3.
This paper provides a foundational understanding of feminism's evolution and highlights pertinent contemporary issues, making it an essential exploration for those interested in gender studies and sociology.