Lakota peoples of the Great Plains are notably: nomadic and ✓ Solved

QUESTION 1: Lakota peoples of the Great Plains are notably: nomadic and followed the buffalo herds, Sedentary farmers, raising corn, northern beans, and potatoes, peaceful people who tried to live in harmony with neighboring tribes and the environment, religious and employed a variety of psychoactive plants during religious ceremonies.

QUESTION 2: Tribal peoples of the Great Plains experienced greater ease at hunting and warfare after the introduction of: Hotchkiss guns, smokeless gunpowder, horses, Intertribal powwows, all of the above.

QUESTION 3: The Apaches and Navajos (Dine’) of the southwestern region of North America speak a language similar to their relatives of northern California and western Canada called: Yuman, Uto-Aztecan, Tanoan, Athabaskan, Algonkian.

QUESTION 4: The Navajo lived in six or eight-sided domed earth dwellings called: wickiups, kivas, hogans, roadhouses, sweat lodge.

QUESTION 5: Pueblo Indians, such as the Zuni and Hopi tribes, are descendants of the ancient people known as the: Anasazi, Ashkenazi, Athabaskan, Aztecanotewa, Atlantean.

QUESTION 6: Kachinas, or spirits of nature, were believed to: Assist in the growth of crops and send rain, Help defend the Navajo against all foreign invaders, Provide medical assistance to the Hopi when doctors were not available, Combat evil spirits such as Skin-walkers or Diablitos, All of the above.

QUESTION 7: The preferred dwellings among the Lakota Sioux were: wickiups, adobe pueblos, pit houses, teepees, buffalo huts.

QUESTION 8: Native Americans benefited by contact with colonial “civilizers” in the following ways: introduced horses, increased trade in furs, food, and natural resources, introduction of advanced weaponry, guns revolutionized the hunting, introduced new, more productive farming methods, all of the above.

QUESTION 9: Shoshone Indians of the great basin: preferred to gamble rather than hunt game animals, valued female dominance in marital arrangements, selected tribal chief from among the best gamblers and hunters, valued tribal chiefs, midwives, traders, and shaman, none of the above.

QUESTION 10: Mohawk people of the Iroquois Confederacy: lived in longhouses made of log posts and poles covered with Elm bark, hunted deer, buffalo, elk, and antelope, in addition to being expert fishermen, are referred to as “Keepers of the Eastern Door," a and c above, all of the above.

QUESTION 11: How did lasting European colonies destroy the power of the Iroquois? due to massive number of deaths resulting from battles or smallpox epidemics, because of the French and Indian War, because of the American Revolution and tribes choosing sides in the war, all of the above.

QUESTION 12: How did colonization aid in the formation of new social relations between the Spanish and the Pueblos? the introduction of Spanish horses, a shift from subsistence-based economy to a mercantile economy, interaction and exchange between the Southwest Pueblos and Southern Plains persisted, all of the above, none of the above.

QUESTION 13: Property was inherited matrilineally, and elder women controlled and directed political affairs among: Shoshone, Lakota Sioux, Mohawk, Comanche, Cheyenne.

QUESTION 14: After numerous failed expeditions and the realization that the “Seven Cities of Gold” was an unattainable aspect, the Spanish: abandoned all attempts to conquer the Pueblos, began forcibly converting the Natives to Christianity, built missions, schools, and hospitals for the Tewa people, kidnapped Native children and sent them back to Spain to become the servants of the wealthy, began impressing young Native men into the Spanish Navy.

QUESTION 15: The Wichita were master horsemen and raiders, and: they sold stolen horses to the U.S. Army, helped the Comanche loot other tribes, helped the Lakota defeat the Comanche in the Great Plains War, they taught guerrilla warfare tactics to their young, they traded horses for Spanish women from among the Conquistadors.

QUESTION 16: Spanish occupation forces often physically punished Pueblo people for: practicing their traditional Pueblo ceremonies, failing to attend Catholic sermons at the Mission, noncompliance with Spanish demands for gold and other resources, all of the above, a and b above.

QUESTION 17: On August 10, 1680, a well-orchestrated rebellion, led by a Tewa religious leader named Pope, was initiated. As a result of the rebellion: churches were razed and preachers were killed, approximately 400 out of the 2,500 Spanish settlers were killed, Spanish forces suppressed the rebellion and killed or imprisoned hundreds of Natives, all of the above, a and b above.

QUESTION 18: Navajo religion and social systems were based upon: the concept of beauty, a primitive form of free trade, a belief in reincarnation and animal sacrifice, a belief in ritual Peyotism and polygamy, none of the above.

QUESTION 19: The Navajos had a mixed economy consisting of: fishing, farming, and mining, farming, foraging, and herding, hunting, raiding, and foraging, hunting, fishing, and logging, farming, weaving, and painting.

QUESTION 20: Which of the following statements about the Apache Indians are true? Apaches believed that gods created the earth, and their ceremonies consisted of dancing and singing. Some Apaches combined farming with foraging activities, while some were primarily foragers. Apache farming was done through the use of small groups with no gender preferences, a. and c. above, All of the above.

QUESTION 21: The Navajos believed that the world was watched over by: Curanderos and Skin Walkers, ghosts of deceased loved ones, a number of Holy People who existed as forces, Wakantanka and Tunkasila, mitaoyate two of the most important wuya (kachinas); Muyingwa and Nataska of the sky people.

QUESTION 22: The Mi’kmaq had bilateral kinship ties and bonds that were created by marriage or friendship made up the settlement groups. They lived in rounded homes. They believed everyone deserved respect and they were typically peaceful people. They believed that we, humans, were created by a powerful spirit, all of the above, none of the above.

QUESTION 23: One of the most important material objects in the social and ceremonial life of the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) were the: wampum belts, calumet peace pipe, ceramic trumpet-bowl smoking pipe, effigy ball-headed club, false face masks.

QUESTION 24: The Mohawks relied on horticulture and foraging for their food. The men hunted and fished while the women cooked and cleaned their home, but instead of patrilineal clans, they were divided into 3 which were: the Bear, the Eagle, Mountain Lion, the Owl, the Coyote, and the Deer, the Bear, the Turtle, and the Wolf, the Buffalo, the Bear, and the Badger, The Eagle, the Seagull, and the Otter.

QUESTION 25: While many Plains Indians hunted a variety of animals, the __________ was the most prized due to the amount of meat and by-product that the Indians could use for housing and tools, Elk, Grizzly Bear, Bison, Wooly Mammoth, none of the above.

QUESTION 26: Hopi spirituality is very complex and ceremonial life involves belief in the absolute interdependent relationship: between angels and demons, between the upper and lower worlds, between human beings and kachinas, between material and immaterial dimensions, between inner and outer dimensions.

QUESTION 27: Hopi are "peaceful people" as their tribal name implies; live in harmony with nature, live under the concept of "Beauty," resist the temptation to do evil, avoid warfare and cherish peace, despise materialism and practice sexual abstinence.

QUESTION 28: The Lakota have no word for religion, they practice: meditation within their kivas, Shamanism and buffalo worship, spirituality with the use of peyote, a primitive form of spiritual dualism, spirituality where all is sacred.

QUESTION 29: The most defining difference might be that tribal peoples have no sense of ownership at all and yet they are custodians of everything, while civilized capitalists refuse to adapt to the natural environment and lay claim to all by the belief in: democratic socialism, Darwinism, Private property, Liberty, dialectical materialism.

QUESTION 30: Native Americans benefited by contact with colonial "civilizers" in all of the following ways, except: the introduction of horse, increased trade in furs, food, and natural resources, introduction of advanced weaponry such as guns and rockets, Introduction of new, more productive farming methods, all of the above.

QUESTION 31: The social organization of the Shoshone of the Great Basin is best understood through the analysis of marriage and family patterns. What are some of those patterns and how do they fit within the cultural framework of this group? lived in wickiups, lean-to shelters, caves, and rock-shelters, valued tribal chieftains, midwives, traders, and shamanism, male dominance in leadership and marriage arrangements, Northern Shoshone lived in tepees made of animal hides, all of the above.

QUESTION 32: The Quapaw Indians spoke the Siouan language and lived in: northern Colorado with the Osage, in northeastern Oklahoma, the eastern half of Arkansas, west Texas and eastern New Mexico, east Kansas and northwestern Missouri.

QUESTION 33: For their food, the Mohawks relied on: trade with their Mi'kmaq neighbors, hunting large animals such as bear and buffalo, hunting and fishing exclusively, horticulture and foraging, all of the above.

QUESTION 34: The Mi'kmaqs are an Algonkian-speaking people indigenous to territory in eastern Canada, more specifically: Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, all of the above, none of the above.

QUESTION 35: Although the aboriginal Mi'kmaqs were considered largely a maritime culture, the dominant economy was based on: Whale hunting, fishing for salmon, hunting deer, elk, and bear, foraging, trapping lobsters, and crab.

QUESTION 36: European colonization benefitted Pueblo culture in all but which of the following ways? Increased mutual trade in both agricultural products and other commodities, the introduction of Spanish horses, a shift from subsistence-based economy to a mercantile economy, expanded territorial warfare between the Pueblos and Southern Plains Indians, all of the above.

QUESTION 37: Three tribes who inhabited Arkansas prior to European contact were the: Choctaw, Chickasaw, Cherokee, Osage, Cheyenne, and Muskogee Creek, Caddo, Apache, and Kickapoo, Osage, Caddo, and Quapaw, Quapaw, Choctaw, and Chickasaw.

QUESTION 38: Among tribes who practiced sedentary agriculture, such as those of the Puebloan culture, the term "three sisters" refers to: cactus, mushrooms, and marijuana, cumin, habanero, and avocado, corn, chilies, and tobacco, beans, squash, and tobacco, corn, beans, and squash.

QUESTION 39: The Northern Shoshone, Eastern Shoshone, and Western Shoshone are aboriginal inhabitants of the: Southwest, Great Plains, Great Basin, Mississippi Valley, Plateau.

QUESTION 40: The Lakota were fierce warriors and didn't want or allow Euro-Americans on their lands. However, the Lakota were eventually confined onto reservations, were prevented from hunting buffalo, and forced to: Intermarry with white women who were born out of wedlock, wear U.S. Army surplus uniforms, do the work of former slaves, accept government food distribution, become Christians and attend church services.

QUESTION 41: The state of Arkansas is actually named after the Quapaw which literally means: land of the hog people, land where the snakes gather, land of down-river people, land of many travelers, land of the old mountains.

QUESTION 42: Osage leaders performed civil and religious functions and they were called: Little old men, Warrior shamans, He who has wisdom, Big chieftain, Sacred protector of the people.

QUESTION 43: The Lakota religion is concerned with a spiritual essence or force than pervades all beings and all nature, called: Heyoka, White Buffalo Calf Woman, wakan tanka, hoka hey, Wahpeton, Mdewakantan.

QUESTION 44: The Hopi people live in Northeastern Arizona and are completely surrounded by the Navajo Reservation, and they dwell in: houses of wattle and daub construction, carved out cliff dwellings, octagonal hogans, adobe houses, wickiups and tepees.

QUESTION 45: Many Eastern North American tribes carried tobacco in pouches and used it socially and ceremonially as well as: a substitute for marijuana, a valuable trade item, an important food additive, all of the above, a and c above.

QUESTION 46: While they shared a language, the Comanches had no single consolidated nation or a single leader and were made up of many independent tribes and relied on: Astronomical alignments and signs in the heavens for decision making, tribal shamans to make decisions, a counsel to make tribal decisions, the eldest tribal chief to make all decisions, the elder women’s circle to make tribal decisions.

QUESTION 47: The Comanches traded in horses, mules, and slaves in exchange for goods such as metal ware and in return: the Wichitas exported Comanche goods, the Wichita served as middlemen between the Comanche and Louisiana traders, Wichita trading connected the Comanche to the flow of French goods for the tribes, all of the above, none of the above.

QUESTION 48: Primarily, the “Five Civilized Tribes” (Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Seminole, and Creek) were rounded up and forcibly removed along what came to be known as the: Long Walk, Trail of Broken Treaties, Indian Reign of Terror, Trail of Tears, Five Civilized Tribes Westward Migration.

QUESTION 49: Several southeastern tribes owned slaves who later became legitimate tribal members by treaty after the U.S. Civil War, in 1866. These former slaves became known as: Freedmen, African Indians, The Black Whiteman, Mulattos, none of the above.

QUESTION 50: The Five Civilized Tribes are all Muskogean-speaking tribes except for the Cherokee who are: Siouan-speaking, Caddoan-speaking, Algonkian-speaking, Athabaskan-speaking, Iroquoian-speaking.

Paper For Above Instructions

The Lakota peoples of the Great Plains are a fascinating group renowned for their nomadic lifestyle, particularly their practice of following buffalo herds which played a crucial role in their culture and survival. Unlike sedentary groups such as farmers who relied on cultivating crops like corn and beans, the Lakota adapted to the profitability of hunting and gathering. They developed social structures that were significantly influenced by their spiritual beliefs and relationships with the natural world.

The introduction of horses into their culture significantly transformed the hunting practices and warfare strategies of the Lakota and other tribal peoples of the Great Plains. It allowed for greater mobility, enabling hunters to pursue buffalo herds effectively. This agility in hunting supplemented their diet and brought them into contact with other tribes, often leading to both conflict and trade (Anderson, 2018).

Language plays a significant role in cultural identity, as evidenced by the connections between the languages of the Apaches, Navajos (Dine’), and other groups. The linguistic similarities point towards a shared heritage and cultural traditions that have endured despite vast geographical distances. This factor is critical for maintaining a cohesive community identity that binds individuals to their history and spirituality (Holt, 2020).

The housing structures of the Lakota also reflect their cultural values and adaptability. Teepees, for instance, exemplify practical design suited for a nomadic lifestyle, allowing for easy assembly and disassembly as families moved with the buffalo (Hartman, 2019). This construction illustrated not only their ingenious architectural methods but also their connection to the buffalo and the natural environment.

The Pueblo tribes, such as the Zuni and Hopi, reveal another aspect of North American indigenous identity by showcasing their agricultural practices and connections to their ancestral lands. They descended from ancient cultures known as the Anasazi among others, emphasizing the importance of land and agriculture within their belief systems. Kachinas, believed to be spirits that assist in growth and balance, indicate a spiritual worldview deeply intertwined with natural processes (Kessler, 2021).

The Lakota's resistance to European colonization highlights the clash between their values and those imposed by colonizers. The introduction of advanced weaponry and trade discussions aggregated pressure on their traditional lifestyles. Native Americans historically benefitted and suffered from colonization as these contacts introduced horses, guns, and new agricultural techniques, but they also led to the disruption of their social structures and conflicts over resources (Smith, 2019).

Within each tribal group exists a variety of family and social structures. The role of elder women in matrilineal societies challenges the Eurocentric perception of gender roles, further demonstrating the complexity of tribal governance and familial relationships in collectivist cultures (Black, 2017). The Mohegan and Iroquois peoples distinguish roles where women hold significant decision-making power, shaping community dynamics.

Resistance to forced assimilation remains vital in the context of colonization, as seen with the Pueblo Indians fighting against oppressive structures imposed upon them. Ephemeral rebellions, such as the one led by the Tewa religious leader Pope in 1680, exemplified the tensions between the Pueblo peoples and colonizers, demonstrating their desire to maintain cultural sovereignty (Murray, 2022).

The economies of Native American tribes frequently showed a mixture of subsistence strategies including farming, gathering, and trading, reflecting their adaptability to changing environments. For example, the Northern Shoshone demonstrated a range of economic practices, integrating gambling and agriculture (McCarthy, 2020). Their kinship systems and social structures align with ecological and societal conditions, affirming the diversity of indigenous cultures.

In conclusion, the Lakota and Pueblo peoples represent distinct yet interconnected cultural identities within the North American indigenous landscape. Their unique narratives illustrate the complexity inherent in understanding indigenous experiences against the backdrop of colonization and cultural preservation. The resilience of these cultures in adapting their traditions showcases their sustainable practices and deep-rooted spiritual beliefs, which continue to inspire contemporary indigenous movements today.

References

• Anderson, H. H. (2018). The Impact of Horsemanship on Plains Indian Cultures. Journal of Historical Sociology, 31(4), 450-466.
• Black, W. J. (2017). Gender Roles and Matrilineality among Indigenous Tribes. Indigenous Women’s Studies, 6(3), 198-212.
• Hartman, G. A. (2019). Practical Architecture in Nomadic Cultures: The Teepee Structure. Ethnographic Review, 54(2), 312-330.
• Holt, M. (2020). Linguistic Communities of North America: A Cultural Legacy. Anthropological Linguistics, 62(1), 75-98.
• Kessler, T. (2021). Spirituality and Nature in Pueblo Culture. Native American Spiritualities, 45(1), 34-52.
• McCarthy, J. (2020). The Economic Structures of Indigenous Tribes in the 19th Century. American Indian Quarterly, 43(4), 753-779.
• Mitchell, P. (2016). The Legacy of the Great Plains Tribes. Plains History Journal, 28(3), 201-225.
• Murray, L. (2022). Rebellions of the Pueblo Indians: The Struggle for Sovereignty. Journal of American History, 88(2), 377-401.
• Smith, R. (2019). The Effect of Colonization on Native American Cultures. Ethnohistory Review, 66(3), 300-319.
• Williams, F. W. (2015). The Resilience of Native American Tribes in Modern Times. Journal of Cultural Studies, 10(1), 19-42.