Module 2 Projectph 20010 Introduction To Public Health Informaticsdat ✓ Solved

Module 2 Project PH 20010 –INTRODUCTION TO PUBLIC HEALTH INFORMATICS Date: 5th Feb, 2021 Covid-19 My Topic for the Project is Covid-19 and my study would be Global as this is a Global Pandemic virus and we can see its effect from all around the world. There are many information systems that can be used and there can be several metrics that helps to assess the Covid-19 Situation like the number of COVID-19 infections in patients with symptoms or without symptoms, no of patients in severe or in critical condition, death rate. Also, now the world is preparing it for the Vaccine and in that case Information systems can play a huge role. Most of the US States are now preparing for the Vaccine rollout and they are relying on efficient and cost-effective Information systems to track the Individuals, Vaccine doses required etc.

The Information systems can help in variety of ways to sign up the people, using SurveyMonkey forms and hotlines. EHR Vendors are preparing it for the to record the Vaccination and correctly pushed to the necessary parties which then can be accessible to all the caregivers. Mobile systems where the EHR team can track when, and where the dose was given and keep all the details. References: MGMGT650 Final Exam 1 May 2021 Chapters 9 – 16 Articles provide you with a problem, find a solution. Should not need an outside source for every question, rarely none.

Articles in text can drive your answer. Outside sources are not recommended besides sources related to Johnson and Johnson. Use headings, subtitles, or even bullet format. No giant paragraphs. Chapter 9: International Strategy • Outsourcing Why is this important, how is it useful, why would a company choose this? • Cheaper to produce elsewhere • Profitable to bring in parts from cheaper regions When you think of knowledge, skills, abilities (KSAs), and even collaboration, these things come from outsourcing.

If you don’t have KSAs internally within the organization then you’re going to look at outsourcing and it’s a good way to enter different markets, especially when looking at international strategies. Chapter 10: Entrepreneurship and Innovation: • Innovation Dilemmas • Product and Process innovation • Technology Push or Market Pull • Platform Leadership • Diffusion Primarily focus on what every company has, innovation strategy and approach along with the problems associated with it. Think of market push when it comes to innovation and how that might change different approaches when we think of quality, safety, and their implications of the strategic plan, how the company develops a market for product.

Chapter 11 & 12: Mergers and Acquisitions: (SAF Framework) • Suitability – Does it make sense to the current strategic plan addressing key threats and opportunities. • Acceptability – Does it meet the expectations of stakeholders, key stake holders and is the level of risk acceptable? • Feasibility – Would the strategy work in practice? Is it financially sound? Do you have the appropriate KSAs withing the organization? Chapter 13: Strategic Development Process: How much of a strategy is deliberate and how much is emergent. Recognize whether the company is emergent or deliberate. • Deliberate Strategy • Emergent Strategy Chapter 14: How an Organization is configured: • Understand various control systems, how they may be implemented • Governance component (have controls in place to make sure strategy is effective, if we don’t, there could be dire consequences.) Chapter 15: Change Management • How does change management inform your strategy? • Think about things going on in the business, how can principles of change management inform you to make changes or implementations of your strategy? • Think about Lewin’s Force Field Model, recognition of different barriers to strategic implementation, or different collaboration approaches. • One question in the Exam not related to content, use experiences from BSG.

What type of risk may a company take? Chapter 16: Basically, an overview of the course, how big of a risk may a company take to develop a vaccine program, related to the red text above. Top of Form Question 1 2.5 pts J&J appeared to have a plant in Europe that was successfully making the ingredient. Why did J&J choose to initially outsource production to Emergent? Question 2 2.5 pts What role do organizational control systems play in strategy?

In the case of Emergent, did the control systems at J&J succeed or fail? What would you change? Question 3 2.5 pts What is the role of innovation in creating strategic options? Do the failures in quality control and safety concerns indicate that J&J has a problem with its innovation strategy? What, if anything, should they do about it?

Question 4 2.5 pts Use the concepts from Chapter 13 to discuss the way that the Emergent takeover strategy was likely developed at J&J. Would you have done anything differently? Question 5 2.5 pts What strategic options did J&J have for dealing with the quality problem at Emergent? Use the concepts from the SAFe framework (suitability, acceptability, feasibility) to explain why J&J chose to take over production at the Emergent facility. Question 6 2.5 pts Where is the value in this acquisition?

Discuss the benefits using strategic terminology, focusing on corporate, global, and innovation strategy and performance outcomes. Question 7 2.5 pts Use the SAFe criteria to determine if this is the right strategy for Disney at this time. Question 8 2.5 pts Use the concepts from Chapter 13 to discuss the way that the Emergent takeover strategy was likely developed at J&J. Would you have done anything differently? Question 9 2.5 pts What concepts from change management (Ch 15) would inform your strategy if you were in charge of the team taking over the Emergent facility?

Question 10 2.5 pts J&J stock continued to underperform Pfizer and Moderna after some patients developed blood clots after taking the vaccine. How big of a strategic risk is this development to the vaccine program? What would do about it? Question 11 2.5 pts What did your experiences in the BSG game teach you about the practice of strategy? J&J Takes Over Contractor’s Covid-19 Vaccine Manufacturing Plant By Peter Loftus and Alex Leary Updated April 4, 2021 1:38 pm ET Johnson & Johnson is taking over manufacturing of its Covid-19 vaccine at a contract manufacturer’s plant that makes the main ingredient, after a production problem ruined a batch.

In order to give J&J full control, production of AstraZeneca’s vaccine at the Emergent BioSolutions plant in Baltimore will move elsewhere, according to a person familiar with the matter. The moves, which the person said were facilitated by the Biden administration and which were confirmed by the companies, mark a rapid response to the recent discovery of the contaminated batch. The New York Times first reported J&J’s takeover of the plant. The Emergent plant hadn’t yet been cleared by regulators when J&J discovered the quality problem during a routine inspection, and none of the batch had been shipped for use to make vaccines. Yet J&J and U.S. health authorities have looked forward to the plant coming online and producing the key ingredient to bolster the overall supply of vaccine doses.

Under the changes, J&J is assuming full responsibility for operations and manufacturing of its vaccine’s key ingredient at the Emergent plant, including installing a new leadership team and boosting the number of technical, quality and other workers. J&J continues to work through manufacturing issues with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, and no product will come out of the Baltimore facility without authorization by FDA, the person said. J&J said it is working with the FDA to secure authorization of the plant, which would clear the way for doses containing the ingredient made at the plant to be distributed. The federal government worked with AstraZeneca to move production of its vaccine out of the plant so it could focus exclusively on making J&J’s vaccine, the person familiar with the matter said.

AstraZeneca said it is working with the U.S. government to find another plant to make the main ingredient for the company’s vaccine. Emergent is committed to supporting production of the Covid-19 vaccines, and it will still control the facility and work with J&J to add its personnel to the plant’s staff, an Emergent spokesman said. The Emergent plant was supposed to play an important role in Covid-19 vaccine production, making the main ingredients for the J&J and AstraZeneca shots. J&J Says Covid-19 Vaccine Ingredient Batch Didn’t Meet Quality Standards By Peter Loftus and Thomas M. Burton Updated April 1, 2021 8:41 am ET Johnson & Johnson said one batch of the main ingredient for its new Covid-19 vaccine didn’t meet quality standards at a contract manufacturer, and the doses weren’t distributed.

J&J said Wednesday it detected the problem while making quality checks at a plant belonging to contract manufacturer Emergent BioSolutions Inc., which was in the process of starting up but hadn’t finished making doses. J&J has been making the main ingredient in vaccine doses for the U.S. at one of the company’s own plants. The quality lapse didn’t affect those doses, which have been given to people in the U.S. And though it scrapped the problematic batch, J&J said it would be able to make enough doses to meet production targets for the U.S. in the coming months. J&J didn’t disclose the nature of the quality lapse or how many doses were affected.

Two people said the batch was contaminated. One of the people said the quality problem affected approximately 15 million doses of the vaccine’s main ingredient, though it isn’t expected to affect that many potential finished doses. J&J has enough main-ingredient supplies elsewhere in its manufacturing pipeline to meet the U.S. government’s supply targets, the person said. The New Brunswick, N.J.-based company said it shared information about the issue with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

The FDA is investigating, according to a separate person familiar with the matter. Emergent declined to comment. J&J’s vaccine was the third to be authorized for use against Covid-19, after shots from Pfizer Inc. and its partner BioNTech SE and from Moderna Inc. Health authorities especially welcomed the addition of the J&J vaccine, because it requires just one dose and is easier to store. Supplies in the U.S. were expected to increase as J&J’s manufacturing network ramped up production, accelerating a mass vaccination campaign that has been gaining steam.

The New York Times earlier reported that J&J doses were ruined because of an accidental mix- up of ingredients at Emergent. J&J said it detected the quality problem in a batch of its vaccine’s main ingredient that Emergent was making. Emergent, a contract manufacturer based in Gaithersburg, Md., has been making the main ingredient for J&J’s vaccine at an Emergent plant in Baltimore. The plant hadn’t been cleared by the FDA to make and ship finished vaccines, one of the people said. The problem batch of the vaccine’s main ingredient never advanced to the final, so-called filling and finish stages of its manufacturing process, J&J said.

J&J said it is providing additional experts in manufacturing, technical operations and quality to be on-site at Emergent to oversee all manufacturing of the J&J vaccine there. J&J’s own plant in the Netherlands has been making the main ingredient for the initial U.S. supply of its vaccine, including the nearly four million doses that were distributed immediately after it was authorized in late February. J&J said it was able to meet a target of delivering a total of 20 million vaccine doses for use in the U.S. by the end of March. The company said it expects to deliver an additional 24 million doses in April, and plans to have delivered a total of 100 million in the first half of the year, aiming for meeting that target by the end of May.

Module 6 Project Entry PH 20010 –INTRODUCTION TO PUBLIC HEALTH INFORMATICS Information architecture across PHIâ€. Open Data Sources: This is open data sources which allowed us to use it without any limitations or requirements Registration Data Sources This data sources require a user to register on a given platform before accessing them Controlled approach This data sources is accessed to only to authorized users All the sources are Timeliness as they are frequently updated and can be easily access without any restriction. They are also accurate, although not very accurate as the data set keep changing as the data is changing every day. These data are not sufficient because we need to collect more data as lot of variables especially the Vaccine data is missing.

Data sets are relevant and they are not redundant. They are also Cost effective. Module 8 Project Entry PH 20010 –INTRODUCTION TO PUBLIC HEALTH INFORMATICS Date: 21th March, 2021 Data Collection and Access Provide an overview of primary, secondary, and emerging sources that may benefit your theme and the PH agencies and players involved. Most of the data of Covid-19 are secondary data which is created by the agencies and the Government to access it. Some are open Source’s data and some required licenses to access it.

Following are some of the sources of the data used. Some of the Sources used are: This data sources require a user to register on a given platform before accessing them Challenges and issues that may be experienced in the matter according to the 3As (e.g., access barriers One of the main challenges that may be experienced is to access the data as most of the data sources required licensed and some are restricted. Also, biggest problem is most of the data are unstructured and required effort and strategy to clean up the data. Challenges and issues that may be experienced in the matter according to the 3Ps (e.g., difficulty of binning data) Fortunately, most of the Covid data are organized but the Problem will be faced in Technical phase of what exactly we required from the data.

Also, challenges can be faced in Binning the data as it relies on grouping continuous numeric values into summarizing categories. Module 10 Project Entry PH 20010 –INTRODUCTION TO PUBLIC HEALTH INFORMATICS Date: 3rd April, 2021 Project management and decision support 1. Initiating Phase: This phase will contain the Project Charter. The point of this phase is to determine the vision for your project, document what you hope to accomplish, and secure approvals from a sanctioning stakeholder 2. Planning Phase: In this Phase we will build the Project Infrastructure which enables us to achieve our goal with predetermined time and budget constraints.

3. Executive Phase : In this Phase where most of the cost will be allocated and project deliverables are produced 4. Monitoring and Controlling: We will keep an eye on the Progress of the Project and will take Corrective action where necessary. 5. Closing Phase : We will close our Project as the Project is done.

Project will be formally close by the approval from different parties like Stakeholders, Project Sponsors. Module 4 Project Entry PH 20010 –INTRODUCTION TO PUBLIC HEALTH INFORMATICS Date: 20th Feb, 2021 Information architecture across PHIâ€. CDC is a nation heath Protection agency. They conducts critical science and provides health information that protects the USA Citizens from all threats of the disease and especially this Pandemic Covid. They work with State, local governments and helps to prevents disease outbreak in the Country.

They also provide public heath support and helps to control infectious and chronic diseases. The agency Targets are the Citizens of the country and they have a headquarter in Atlanta. CDC used public health network which develops standards for heath information sharing and Bio Sense which is cloud based information technology system. CDC Software’s cloud-based solutions empower companies to quickly and cost-efficiently integrate their telephony and CRM systems CDC is looking to improve its data collection abilities and extract information from HER using cloud-based applications. Shared information technology services have the potential to offer new tools for data analytics, data visualization References:

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Introduction

The Covid-19 pandemic represents one of the most significant public health challenges in modern history, affecting millions of lives globally. As public health agencies scramble to track the spread of the virus, assess the situation, and roll out vaccines, the importance of effective data management and health informatics cannot be overstated. Public Health Informatics (PHI) integrates information technology with public health practice, offering new tools for data collection, analysis, and dissemination, enhancing the ability to respond to health threats (Harris et al., 2019).

Understanding Covid-19 Metrics and Data Collection

Covid-19 data metrics encompass a range of variables, including the number of infections, hospitalizations, and mortality rates. To effectively monitor the pandemic, public health agencies use different types of information systems. Key metrics can be assessed through Electronic Health Records (EHR), surveys, and even social media (Briggs et al., 2020). For example, platforms like SurveyMonkey have aided in capturing public sentiment and health behavior trends.
The systematic collection of data allows public health officials to identify trends and guide decision-making (Sharma et al., 2020). Options like mobile systems enable tracking of vaccination efforts and patient details, ensuring that health officials can quickly respond to vaccination needs (Bennett et al., 2020). The timely and accurate collection of this data is crucial for preparing for an effective vaccine rollout.

Role of Information Systems in Vaccine Rollout

As states prepare to implement vaccination programs, effective information systems become vital. Electronic Health Records (EHR) facilitate the documentation of vaccination data while allowing for real-time sharing among healthcare providers (Beskow et al., 2017). Such integration ensures continuity of care, as caregivers can quickly access a patient’s vaccination history.
Public health agencies also leverage geographic information systems (GIS) to better understand spatial trends in Covid-19 cases. These tools provide crucial data for allocation of vaccines and healthcare resources, particularly during distribution phases (Luis et al., 2021). Moreover, the use of cloud-based platforms supports data storage, accessibility, and analysis—fostering seamless communication among stakeholders involved in vaccine rollout (Raimondo et al., 2021).

System Challenges and Opportunities

Despite the advantages presented by Public Health Informatics, several challenges remain, particularly regarding access and data quality. Many valuable data sources require licensing for access, and unstructured data poses significant analytical challenges (Zhang et al., 2019). Furthermore, given the urgency for effective data-driven solutions, the need for accurate and reliable information can sometimes lead to incomplete or hurried methodologies, compromising data integrity (Nikolopoulou et al., 2020).
However, opportunities abound as organizations optimize data collection methodologies and invest in innovative informatics solutions. Emphasis on open data sharing can empower public health stakeholders to access critical information while maintaining stringent privacy and ethical considerations (Cohen et al., 2018). Collaborative efforts between private and non-profit sectors can also enhance the data landscape, leading to more comprehensive understanding and improved public health strategies.

Impact of Change Management on Public Health Strategies

Utilizing change management principles is essential in navigating the challenges posed by the pandemic. Lewin’s Change Model, which emphasizes the steps of unfreezing, changing, and refreezing, offers valuable insights into how public health organizations can implement new technologies (Kotter, 1996). Each transition requires effective communication and stakeholder buy-in to ensure successful implementation (Holt et al., 2020).
For instance, as organizations shift to new EHR systems or data-sharing platforms, staff training and support become pivotal in minimizing resistance to change. Understanding cultural factors and the existing structure within public health organizations allows leaders to strategize effectively for smoother transitions.

Case Study: Johnson & Johnson’s Vaccine Strategy

Johnson & Johnson's (J&J) approach to Covid-19 vaccine production illustrates the importance of strategic alignment and risk assessment. Initially outsourcing the production to Emergent BioSolutions, J&J faced significant challenges due to a quality control lapse that resulted in the contamination of vaccine components (Loftus & Leary, 2021). This scenario highlighted the significance of suitable control systems and the need for quality assurance within the production chain.
J&J's decision to regain control over its production line at Emergent’s facility aligns with the SAFe (Suitability, Acceptability, Feasibility) framework, which emphasizes evaluating if a business strategy is appropriate for the organization’s long-term objectives (Harrison et al., 2016). Moreover, these strategies underscore the critical role of innovation in developing robust public health responses, defining the success of initiatives like vaccination campaigns (Thompson et al., 2018).

Conclusion

The Covid-19 pandemic has underscored the necessity of robust public health informatics in effectively managing health crises. The role of information systems that facilitate data collection, support decision-making, and bolster communication among stakeholders is paramount. Despite challenges in data access, quality, and change management, significant opportunities for innovation exist. Organizations that embrace these changes and maintain a focus on effective informatics strategies will be better positioned to navigate future public health emergencies. As the global response to the Covid-19 pandemic continues to evolve, lessons learned can guide public health efforts, contributing to an improved future of health informatics.

References

1. Harris, T. R., et al. (2019). Public Health Informatics: Current practice and emerging trends. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 25(1), 15-23.
2. Briggs, E., et al. (2020). Social media as a data source for public health surveillance: a systematic review. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1-12.
3. Sharma, S., et al. (2020). Leveraging digital technology to combat COVID-19: lessons learned from experiences in India. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health, 7(9), 3552-3558.
4. Bennett, C. L., et al. (2020). Assessing public health informatics needs for the COVID-19 response. Public Health Reports, 135(4), 431-438.
5. Beskow, L. M., et al. (2017). Electronic health records and informed consent: more questions than answers. Journal of Health and Biomedical Law, 13(1), 1-21.
6. Luis, H., et al. (2021). Geographic information systems (GIS) as a tool for public health practice: Lessons learned from COVID-19 response. Journal of Public Health Policy, 42(3), 569-588.
7. Raimondo, D. M., et al. (2021). Cloud computing in public health: A framework for facilitating data sharing for COVID-19 response. Journal of Global Health, 11(1), 01001.
8. Zhang, Y., et al. (2019). Big data in public health: Opportunities and challenges. Data and Information Management, 3(1), 9-15.
9. Cohen, D. A., et al. (2018). The value of open data sharing in public health: a systematic review. American Journal of Public Health, 108(5), 659-667.
10. Thompson, S. E., et al. (2018). Innovation in public health: the challenges and advances in infectious disease control. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America, 32(2), 337-352.