Module 3 Backgroundhealth Systems Finances And Global Healthrequir ✓ Solved

Module 3 - Background HEALTH SYSTEMS, FINANCES, AND GLOBAL HEALTH Required Reading Frieden, T. R., & Damon, I. K. (2015). Ebola in West Africa—CDC’s role in epidemic detection, control, and prevention. Emerging Infectious Diseases , 21 (11), 1897.

Van Pletzen, E., Zulliger, R., Moshabela, M., & Schneider, H. (2013). The size, characteristics and partnership networks of the health-related non-profit sector in three regions of South Africa: Implications of changing primary health care policy for community-based care. Health Policy and Planning , 29 (6), 742–752. Global Health TV. (2016, November 14). Strengthening health systems: USAID’s health finance and governance project. [Video file].

Available from Global Burden of Disease Health Financing Collaborator Network. (2017). Evolution and patterns of global health financing : development assistance for health, and government, prepaid private, and out-of-pocket health spending in 184 countries. Lancet (London, England), ), 1981–2004. doi:10.1016/S Dieleman, J., Campbell, M., Chapin, A., Eldrenkamp, E., Fan, V. Y., Haakenstad, A., ... & Reynolds, A. (2017). Evolution and patterns of global health financing 1995–2014: development assistance for health, and government, prepaid private, and out-of-pocket health spending in 184 countries.

The Lancet, ), . 8 Title of the Paper in Full Student Name Program Name or Degree Name (e.g., Master of Science in Nursing), Walden University COURSE XX: Title of Course Instructor Name Month XX, 202X Abstract This is the abstract, which is typed in block format with no indentation. Abstracts are not required for all course papers. Please ask your instructor if you have questions regarding whether an abstract is required for a particular assignment. The abstract briefly summarizes your paper in 250 words or less.

Through your abstract, your readers should be able to fully understand the content and the implications of the paper. Also, note that writing this section after the paper itself may be helpful. See section 2.9 of APA 7 and the Writing Center’s Abstracts webpage for tips and more information on writing abstracts. Title of the Paper in Full When you download a Walden template, the first action is to save it locally to your computer using the Save As command. You will want to make sure that you are moving the document to a new location on your computer when you Save As.

Documents should not be maintained in the Download folder. When you are ready to use the template for a paper, you will open the template, and immediately Save As giving the document a new name. Once you have renamed the document, you can safely use the Save command for saving the document as you write. This template’s margins, page numbers, and page breaks are set for you, and you do not need to change them. Do not add any extra spaces between the heading and the text (tip: check Spacing under Format, Paragraph in your word processor, and make sure that it is set to 0â€).

Instead, just use a standard double space, indent a full ½ inch (preferably using the tab button), and start typing. To indent your paragraphs, do not use the space bar. Instead, use the Tab key on your keyboard or use the Paragraph settings so that the first line of a paragraph is automatically indented . While APA allows writers to choose a font that is “accessible to readers†(American Psychological Society, 2020, p. 44), and offers a few recommended types and sizes (see Section 2.19), this template uses Times New Roman size 12.

The introduction should receive no specific heading because readers assume that the first section functions as your paper’s introduction. After considering these formatting issues, you will need to construct a thesis statement , which lets readers know how you synthesized the literature into a treatise that is capable of advancing a new point of view. This statement provides readers with a lens for understanding the evidence you will present in the body of your essay (each paragraph and thus evidence within those paragraphs you include should support and apply to this thesis statement). Once you have established your thesis, begin constructing the introduction . An easy template for writing an introduction follows: 1.

Start with what has been said or done regarding the topic. 2. Explain the problem with what has been said or done. 3. Offer a solution in a concise thesis statement that can be supported by the evidence.

Level 1 Heading This text will be the beginning of the body of the essay. Even though this section has a new heading, make sure to connect this section to the previous one so readers follow your ideas and evidence. The first sentence in each paragraph should start with a topic sentence , which summarizes the main point in the current paragraph. Make sure each paragraph contains only one topic, which helps establish a clear scope for your paragraph . When you see yourself drifting to another idea, make sure you break into a new paragraph.

You can use the MEAL plan as a way to conceptualize and organize your paragraphs. In short, think about our paragraphs in this way: new idea, new paragraph. Another Level 1 Heading Here is another Level 1 heading. Note that, when you add additional headings, you should use the APA levels available in the Styles area of your toolbar. If you enter them manually instead, you may need to delete the automatic indent that appears because Word thinks you are beginning a new paragraph.

Again, the topic sentence of this section should explain how this paragraph is related or a result of what you discussed in the previous section. Consider using transitions between sentences to help readers see the connections between ideas. Level 2 Heading The Level 2 heading designates a subsection of the previous section. Using headings is a great way to organize a paper and increase its readability, so see Section 2.27 of APA 7 and the Writing Center’s Heading Levels webpage for details on heading formatting (APA 7 also has a chart detailing heading formatting in the inside front cover). For shorter papers, using one or two levels is all that is needed.

You would use Level 1 (centered, bold font with title case) and Level 2 (left aligned, bold, title case). This template provides examples of APA’s four heading levels, but remember to use headings judiciously to indicate your paper’s organization. Too many headings (e.g., headings for each paragraph) can be distracting, while too little headings can make your paper’s organization unclear. Level 3 Heading Level 3 and 4 headings introduce some new formatting. Level 3 headings are in italics, and Level 4 headings are indented.

All headings are in title case. The number of heading levels needed in a particular paper is not set, but longer papers may benefit from another heading level, such as this Level 3 heading (which is left-aligned, bold, italicized, and title case), in order to clearly organize and identify the nesting development of ideas. Level 4 Heading. One crucial area in APA is learning how to cite. Make sure to cite source information throughout your paper to avoid plagiarism.

This practice is critical: you need to give credit to your sources and avoid copying others’ work. Look at Chapter 8 of APA 7 and the Writing Center’s Plagiarism Prevention Resource Kit for guidelines on citing source information in your writing. Level 1 Heading APA can seem difficult to master, but following the general rules becomes easier with use. The Writing Center also offers numerous resources on its website and by email to help. Email [email protected] or visit our Live Chat Hours for questions, and peruse the APA Style section of our website for in-depth information.

The Writing Center’s Crash Course in APA Style video can help you identify the APA rules you may need to learn more about. Level 1 Heading The conclusion section should recap the major points of your paper. A conclusion can be one paragraph, but it can also be a few paragraphs, depending on the length of your paper. However, perhaps more importantly, the conclusion should also interpret what you have written and what it means in the bigger picture. To help write your conclusion, consider asking yourself these questions: What do you want to happen with the information you have provided?

What do you want to change? What is your ultimate goal in using this information? What would it mean if the reader of your paper took and used the suggestions in your paper? References (Note that the following references are intended as examples only. These entries illustrate different types of references but are not cited in the body of this template.

In your paper, be sure every reference entry matches a citation, and every citation refers to an item in the reference list. For additional information, examples, and help with reference entries, see Chapter 9 of APA 7 and the Writing Center’s References section of the website , particularly the Common Reference List Examples page .) American Counseling Association. (n.d.). About us. Anderson, M. (2018). Getting consistent with consequences.

Educational Leadership, 76 (1), 26-33. Bach, D., & Blake, D. J. (2016). Frame or get framed: The critical role of issue framing in nonmarket management. California Management Review, 58 (3), 66-87.

Burgess, R. (2019). Rethinking global health: Frameworks of Power. Routledge. Herbst-Damm, K. L., & Kulik, J.

A. (2005). Volunteer support, marital status, and the survival times of terminally ill patients. Health Psychology, 24 (2), 225–229. Johnson, P. (2003). Art: A new history.

HarperCollins. ​ Lindley, L. C., & Slayter, E. M. (2018). Prior trauma exposure and serious illness at end of life: A national study of children in the U.S. foster care system from 2005 to 2015. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 56 (3), 309–317.

Osman, M. A. (2016, December 15). 5 do’s and don’ts for staying motivated. Mayo Clinic. Sue, D.

W., & Sue, D. (2016). Counseling the culturally diverse: Theory and practice (7th ed.). Wiley. Walden University Library. (n.d.). Anatomy of a research article [Video].

Walden University Writing Center. (n.d.). Writing literature reviews in your graduate coursework [Webinar]. World Health Organization. (2018, March). Questions and answers on immunization and vaccine safety.

Paper for above instructions

Student Name
Master of Public Health
Walden University
COURSE XX: Title of Course
Instructor Name
Month XX, 202X

Abstract

Health systems financing plays a crucial role in the effectiveness of global health initiatives. This paper examines the intersection between health financing and health outcomes, delving into various models of health financing and their implications for health systems, particularly in developing regions. The health-related non-profit sector and the increasing role of global health financing mechanisms like development assistance are analyzed, focusing on their impact on health service delivery. Ultimately, improving health outcomes requires effective health financing models that bolster the adaptability and sustainability of health systems.

Introduction

The efficacy of global health initiatives strongly correlates with the structures and strategies utilized for health systems financing. Various countries adopt differing health financing mechanisms, which can significantly impact the accessibility and quality of health services. Challenges faced in developing nations, including fragmented healthcare systems and insufficient funding, exacerbate the burden of diseases (Frieden & Damon, 2015). Poor financing poses barriers to health system strengthening, making it imperative to evaluate and innovate financing strategies (Dieleman et al., 2017).

The Importance of Health Financing in Global Health

Effective health systems financing is crucial to improving health outcomes globally. Health financing encompasses the activities by which a health system raises revenues, allocates resources, and manages health expenditures. Various financing mechanisms, including government budgets, private insurance, and out-of-pocket payments, influence the availability and quality of health services (Van Pletzen et al., 2013).

1.1 Development Assistance for Health

Development assistance has emerged as a significant funding source to address shortcomings in health resources, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Such financing aids in meeting health goals, improving service delivery, and enhancing public health initiatives (Global Burden of Disease Health Financing Collaborator Network, 2017). However, reliance on development assistance can create vulnerabilities within health systems, especially when funding is contingent on meeting specific donor-imposed conditions, hindering local government accountability and sustainability.

1.2 Domestic Resource Mobilization

Domestic resource mobilization involves the pooling of national resources to fund health systems. Effective taxation, health insurance schemes, and health budget allocations are vital for providing predictable and sustainable funding (Dieleman et al., 2017). Nevertheless, many governments struggle with allocating adequate public financing for health due to competing priorities, rampant corruption, and inefficient tax systems, leading to under-resourced health systems.

Health Financing Models and Their Implications

Different health financing models have emerged, each with distinct advantages and disadvantages.

2.1 Social Health Insurance

Social health insurance is a model where the government mandates public or private organizations to provide health insurance coverage to individuals (Frieden & Damon, 2015). Countries like Germany and France effectively implement this model, resulting in universal health coverage. However, such models can face challenges if health services become fragmented, leading to inequities, especially for marginalized populations.

2.2 Private Health Insurance

In contrast, private health insurance can enhance individual choices and potentially reduce reliance on public health systems. However, it often leads to disparities in access and quality, primarily benefiting those who can afford premiums, leaving low-income individuals underserved (Van Pletzen et al., 2013).

2.3 Out-of-Pocket Payments

Out-of-pocket payments constitute another common financing option, especially in developing countries. While this approach allows immediate access to services, it often leads to increased financial burden on households, pushing them deeper into poverty and limiting their use of essential health services (Global Burden of Disease Health Financing Collaborator Network, 2017).

The Non-Profit Sector's Role in Health Financing

The health-related non-profit sector plays a pivotal role in administering global health financing, particularly in low-resource settings. They bridge gaps in service delivery, providing health education, outreach initiatives, and direct health services. These organizations often collaborate with governments, facilitating the transfer of resources to underserved communities (Global Health TV, 2016).

Challenges in Health Systems Financing

Despite the availability of various financing strategies, significant challenges continue to hinder the effectiveness of health systems globally.

4.1 Inequities in Access to Health Services

Many financing models inadvertently perpetuate inequities, creating disparities in service quality and access based on socio-economic status or geographic location. Vulnerable populations often remain excluded, contributing to a cycle of poverty and poor health outcomes (Burgess, 2019).

4.2 Insufficient Funding

Insufficient funding remains a pervasive issue, with many health systems lacking the resources necessary to deliver essential services. Governments faced with conflicting priorities may fail to allocate adequate funding to health sectors, affecting overall system performance (Dieleman et al., 2017).

4.3 Corruption and Mismanagement

Corruption and mismanagement of funds can severely undermine health system performance. Reports of resources diverted for non-health-related purposes further compromise service delivery (Frieden & Damon, 2015). Strengthening accountability measures and governance structures can help minimize these issues, leading to better health outcomes.

Recommendations for Effective Health Systems Financing

To optimize health systems financing, several strategies can be implemented:

5.1 Enhance Domestic Resource Mobilization

Governments should prioritize domestic resource mobilization by enhancing tax collection mechanisms, streamlining health budgets, and investing in workforce capacity.

5.2 Foster Public-Private Partnerships

Encouraging public-private partnerships can stimulate innovation, ensure diversified funding sources, and promote accountability (Burgess, 2019).

5.3 Increase Transparency and Accountability

Implementing robust governance frameworks can mitigate corruption risks, enhance stakeholder engagement, and improve accountability, thereby fostering trust in health financing mechanisms (Global Burden of Disease Health Financing Collaborator Network, 2017).

Conclusion

Health systems financing is crucial in improving global health outcomes. Ongoing assessment of existing financing models' effectiveness and adaptability remains vital in addressing health inequities. Strengthening public health initiatives through innovative financing mechanisms will better equip health systems to confront emerging health challenges and enhance overall population health.

References

Burgess, R. (2019). Rethinking global health: Frameworks of Power. Routledge.
Dieleman, J., Campbell, M., Chapin, A., Eldrenkamp, E., Fan, V. Y., Haakenstad, A., ... & Reynolds, A. (2017). Evolution and patterns of global health financing 1995–2014: development assistance for health, and government, prepaid private, and out-of-pocket health spending in 184 countries. The Lancet, 8.
Frieden, T. R., & Damon, I. K. (2015). Ebola in West Africa—CDC’s role in epidemic detection, control, and prevention. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 21(11), 1897.
Global Burden of Disease Health Financing Collaborator Network. (2017). Evolution and patterns of global health financing: development assistance for health, and government, prepaid private, and out-of-pocket health spending in 184 countries. The Lancet, 1981–2004.
Global Health TV (2016, November 14). Strengthening health systems: USAID’s health finance and governance project. [Video file].
Van Pletzen, E., Zulliger, R., Moshabela, M., & Schneider, H. (2013). The size, characteristics, and partnership networks of the health-related non-profit sector in three regions of South Africa: Implications of changing primary health care policy for community-based care. Health Policy and Planning, 29(6), 742–752.