Nameadd Name Herehim 2214 Concept Matching From Disease To Treatmen ✓ Solved
Name: Add name here HIM 2214: Concept Matching: From Disease to Treatment Using your textbooks and complete the empty squares on the table below to match specific diseases with their pathology, pathophysiology and pharmacological treatment. Be sure to use appropriate medical terminology when adding information. You should review two different sources at a minimum to develop your brief synopses. Example of completed row: Disease Body system Signs/Symptoms Pathophysiology Treatment(s) (Pharm & Other) Acne vulgaris Integumentary system Non-inflammatory comedones or inflammatory papules, pustules or modules. Symptoms can include pain, erythema and tenderness Release of inflammatory mediators into the skin, with follicle hyperkeratinization, Propionibacterium acne colonization, and excess production of sebum Depending on severity, topical mediations include benzyol peroxide or retinoid drugs.
Hormonal drugs (such as oral contraceptives), and in some cases antibiotics may be used for severe inflammatory acne. Nonpharmacological treatments include dermabrasion or phototherapy Disease Body System Signs/Symptoms Pathophysiology Treatment(s) Diabetes Mellitus, Type II Asthma Atherosclerosis Congestive Heart Failure Acute lymphocytic leukemia Graves’ disease Sinusitis Emphysema Cushing’s Syndrome
Paper for above instructions
Concept Matching: From Disease to Treatment
This assignment discusses various diseases, aligning each with its pathology, pathophysiology, and pharmacological treatments. The following table includes Type II Diabetes Mellitus, Asthma, Atherosclerosis, Congestive Heart Failure, Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia, Graves’ Disease, Sinusitis, Emphysema, and Cushing's Syndrome.
| Disease | Body System | Signs/Symptoms | Pathophysiology | Treatment(s) (Pharm & Other) |
|-------------------------------------|--------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Diabetes Mellitus, Type II | Endocrine System | Increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, blurred vision, slow healing sores | Insulin resistance in muscle and adipose tissue; impaired insulin secretion leads to hyperglycemia (American Diabetes Association, 2023). | Lifestyle modifications (diet & exercise), oral hypoglycemics (metformin, sulfonylureas), insulin therapy if necessary (Inzucchi et al., 2015). |
| Asthma | Respiratory System | Wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, coughing, particularly at night or early morning | Airway inflammation and hyper-responsiveness lead to bronchoconstriction and obstruction of airflow (Global Initiative for Asthma, 2023). | Inhaled corticosteroids (fluticasone, budesonide), bronchodilators (albuterol), long-acting beta-agonists, and leukotriene antagonists (Rabe et al., 2017). |
| Atherosclerosis | Cardiovascular System | Chest pain (angina), numbness or weakness in legs or arms, high blood pressure | Lipid accumulation leads to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in arteries, resulting in decreased blood flow (Smith et al., 2017). | Statins, antiplatelet agents (aspirin), management of hypertension and lifestyle changes (exercise, diet) (Levine et al., 2019). |
| Congestive Heart Failure | Cardiovascular System | Shortness of breath, fatigue, swollen legs, rapid heartbeat | Impaired pumping ability of the heart leads to fluid overload, increased pulmonary venous pressure, and decreased cardiac output (Yancy et al., 2013). | ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, diuretics, lifestyle changes (low-sodium diet, physical activity) (Ponikowski et al., 2016). |
| Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia | Hematologic System | Fatigue, fever, frequent infections, easy bruising or bleeding | Uncontrolled proliferation of lymphoblasts leads to a crowded bone marrow and impaired production of normal blood cells (Pui et al., 2015). | Chemotherapy regimens, targeted therapy (tyrosine kinase inhibitors), and potentially stem cell transplant (Kahwash et al., 2021). |
| Graves’ Disease | Endocrine System | Hyperthyroidism symptoms including weight loss, anxiety, tremors, heat intolerance, goiter | Autoimmune disorder causing overstimulation of the thyroid gland, leading to excess thyroid hormone production (Smith et al., 2022). | Antithyroid medications (methimazole, propylthiouracil), radioactive iodine therapy, surgery in severe cases (Bahn et al., 2018). |
| Sinusitis | Respiratory System | Facial pain/pressure, nasal congestion, nasal discharge, reduced sense of smell | Inflammation of the sinus mucosa often following a viral infection, leading to blocked sinus drainage (Chow et al., 2019). | Pain relievers, nasal corticosteroids, antibiotics if bacterial, saline nasal irrigation (Rosenfeld et al., 2016). |
| Emphysema | Respiratory System | Shortness of breath, chronic cough, wheezing, reduced exercise capacity | Destruction of alveoli leads to loss of elastic recoil and reduced surface area for gas exchange (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, 2023). | Bronchodilators, inhaled steroids, oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation (Celli et al., 2016). |
| Cushing’s Syndrome | Endocrine System | Weight gain, thinning skin, easy bruising, hypertension, diabetes | Excess cortisol production due to adrenal or pituitary tumors alters metabolic function (Newell-Price et al., 2016). | Surgical resection of tumors, pharmacological therapies (mitotane, mifepristone), lifestyle management (Kahaly et al., 2020). |
Synopsis of Diseases
Diabetes Mellitus, Type II
Type II diabetes represents a chronic condition characterized by insulin resistance, which results in hyperglycemia. The management involves lifestyle changes and pharmacological interventions, primarily focusing on maintaining glycemic control, such as metformin, which enhances insulin sensitivity (Inzucchi et al., 2015).
Asthma
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that affects individuals across all ages. Treatment emphasizes the use of bronchodilators for immediate relief and inhaled corticosteroids for long-term inflammation control (Global Initiative for Asthma, 2023).
Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis involves the buildup of fatty deposits in the arterial walls, leading to reduced blood flow and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Therapeutic approaches focus on lifestyle modifications and medications such as statins to lower cholesterol levels (Smith et al., 2017).
Congestive Heart Failure
Congestive heart failure is characterized by the heart's inability to pump sufficient blood to meet the body's needs. Management strategies involve pharmacotherapy, including ACE inhibitors to improve heart function, and non-pharmacological approaches such as diet and exercise (Yancy et al., 2013).
Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia
Acute lymphocytic leukemia is a type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow. Treatment typically includes intensive chemotherapy and may involve stem cell transplantation as a potential cure (Pui et al., 2015).
Graves’ Disease
Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder leading to hyperthyroidism with symptoms such as weight loss and anxiety. Treatment options include antithyroid medications to reduce hormone levels or radioactive iodine therapy (Bahn et al., 2018).
Sinusitis
Sinusitis involves inflammation of the sinus cavities, which can be triggered by infections or allergens. Treatment primarily aims at symptom relief, while antibiotics may be necessary if a bacterial cause is suspected (Rosenfeld et al., 2016).
Emphysema
Emphysema, a form of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is characterized by the deterioration of the alveoli leading to breathing difficulties. Management typically includes bronchodilators to ease breathing problems (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, 2023).
Cushing’s Syndrome
Cushing's syndrome is caused by prolonged exposure to high cortisol levels. The treatment strategy often involves surgical intervention, with medical therapy playing a supportive role in controlling cortisol production (Kahaly et al., 2020).
Conclusion
This assignment highlights the interactions between diseases, their pathophysiologic mechanisms, and pharmacological treatments. Understanding these connections is crucial for effective disease management and improving patient care outcomes.
References
1. American Diabetes Association. (2023). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes.
2. Bahn, R. S., et al. (2018). Hyperthyroidism and the Eye: Clinical Highlights and Current Therapeutic Strategies. Thyroid.
3. Celli, B. R., et al. (2016). A new strategy for the management of COPD. The New England Journal of Medicine.
4. Chow, A. W., et al. (2019). Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines for the diagnosis and management of sinusitis. Clinical Infectious Diseases.
5. Inzucchi, S. E., et al. (2015). Management of Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes, 2015. Diabetes Care.
6. Kahaly, G. J., et al. (2020). Diagnosis and Management of Cushing’s Syndrome. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.
7. Kahwash, S. B., et al. (2021). Treatment of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. The Oncologist.
8. Levine, G. N., et al. (2019). 2018 AHA/ACC Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol. Circulation.
9. Newell-Price, J., et al. (2016). Cushing's syndrome. The Lancet.
10. Pui, C. H., et al. (2015). Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Progress Through Collaboration. Journal of Clinical Oncology.
This structured approach helps in correlating diseases with their treatment options based on strong clinical foundations and reflects the constant advancements in medical science.