Ossian Ward Art As Jokescan 2020 10 12 115719week 3student Na ✓ Solved
Ossian Ward_Art as Joke Scan .57.19 Week #: 3 Student Name: ENTRY 1 Full Title of Reading: The Guggenheim's 'Storylines' Creates New Narratives for Famed Visual Art Author(s) Name(s): Michael Barron YOUR RESPONSE ( words): Word Count: ENTRY 2 Full Title of Reading: Art as Joke Author(s) Name(s): Ossian Ward YOUR RESPONSE ( words): Word Count: Instructions In this unit, you learned about the police function and history in society. For this assignment, you will compose an essay in which you cover the following elements. â—¾ Explain the three eras of policing and how each era has contributed to the method of policing used today. â—¾Describe the roles of the social contract theory and Maslow’s hierarchy of needs in policing. â—¾Discuss how the U.S.
Constitution and Bill of Rights limit the power of law enforcement. Your essay should consist of two pages NOT including title page and reference page, and should utilize two sources, one of which can be your textbook. Be sure that all sources used are cited and referenced using APA Style and that you include an introduction in your essay.
Paper for above instructions
Title: The Evolution and Limitations of Policing in American SocietyIntroduction
Policing, a crucial aspect of maintaining social order, has evolved significantly over the years in response to societal changes, legal principles, and shifts in public perception. This essay explores the three primary eras of policing: the Political Era, the Reform Era, and the Community Era, highlighting how each has contributed to the contemporary methods used in law enforcement today. Furthermore, it will discuss the implications of social contract theory and Maslow's hierarchy of needs on policing practices, as well as the limiting influence of the U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights on law enforcement agencies.
The Three Eras of Policing
1. The Political Era (1830s-1900s)
The Political Era of policing is characterized by close ties between law enforcement and local political entities. During this time, police departments operated more as extensions of political parties than independent law enforcement agencies. Officers often received their jobs through political patronage, and their primary function was to maintain the status quo and support the interests of those in power (Kelling & Moore, 1988). This era highlighted the significant influence politics held over policing, often leading to corruption and inefficiency.
2. The Reform Era (1900s-1960s)
In response to the corruption and patronage during the Political Era, the Reform Era aimed to professionalize law enforcement. This era was characterized by the introduction of merit-based hiring practices, specialized training, and a focus on crime control and reduction (Walker, 1999). The introduction of the automobile and advances in communication technology allowed police to respond more effectively to crimes. Notable figures, such as August Vollmer, advocated for a scientific approach to policing, emphasizing data collection, proper training, and community relations. This shift towards professionalism laid the foundation for contemporary policing practices.
3. The Community Era (1980s-Present)
The Community Era emerged as a response to the failures of the Reform Era’s “top-down” style of policing. This new approach emphasizes the importance of community engagement and collaboration. Police are no longer seen merely as enforcers but as active participants in their communities, working alongside residents to address the root causes of crime (Skolnick & Bayley, 1986). Programs aimed at building relationships between officers and citizens, such as community policing, have become increasingly common, highlighting the importance of community input in crime prevention strategies.
These three eras have collectively shaped modern policing in the United States, embedding a complex interplay of professionalism, community collaboration, and the continuous necessity for accountability within law enforcement.
Social Contract Theory and Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs in Policing
The concept of social contract theory is pivotal in understanding the dynamics between law enforcement and the community it serves. Rooted in the philosophical works of thinkers like Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, social contract theory posits that individuals consent, either explicitly or implicitly, to surrender some freedoms in exchange for the protection of their remaining rights (Hobbes, 1651; Locke, 1689). In policing, this theoretical framework suggests that officers are granted authority by communities to enforce laws and maintain peace, which imbues them with both power and responsibility.
Furthermore, Maslow's hierarchy of needs offers insight into the motivations behind both police actions and community relations. At its core, Maslow's theory asserts that individuals are motivated by a series of hierarchical needs, ranging from physiological necessities to self-actualization (Maslow, 1943). For law enforcement officers, meeting their own needs (such as safety and belonging) can influence their behavior and performance. Simultaneously, understanding community needs through this framework allows for better policing practices—addressing not only immediate safety concerns but also fostering trust and engagement with the communities they serve.
U.S. Constitution, Bill of Rights, and Law Enforcement Power Limitations
The U.S. Constitution and the Bill of Rights serve as crucial legal frameworks that limit law enforcement powers, ensuring that the rights of individuals are protected against potential abuses of authority. The Fourth Amendment protects citizens from unreasonable searches and seizures, requiring law enforcement to obtain warrants based on probable cause (U.S. Const. amend. IV). This protection fosters public trust and accountability within the police.
Moreover, the Fifth Amendment affirms the right to due process, ensuring that individuals are not deprived of life, liberty, or property without fair legal proceedings (U.S. Const. amend. V). This constitutional guarantee mandates that law enforcement agencies operate within the bounds of the law, adhering to established legal protocols.
In addition, the Eighth Amendment prohibits cruel and unusual punishment, thereby limiting the extent to which law enforcement agencies can enforce the law (U.S. Const. amend. VIII). These amendments create a check on police powers, necessitating that officers adhere to legal standards and respecting individual rights, which is crucial to maintaining public confidence in law enforcement.
Conclusion
The evolution of policing in the United States reflects broader social changes and the continual negotiation between community needs and law enforcement capabilities. From the political patronage of the Political Era to the community-focused strategies of the present, the methods used in policing have undergone substantial transformation. Concepts such as social contract theory and Maslow’s hierarchy of needs assist in understanding the motivations behind policing practices, while the U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights ensure that law enforcement agencies operate within a framework that protects individual rights. Collectively, they shape an essential discourse around the role of police in society.
References
1. Hobbes, T. (1651). Leviathan. Andrew Crooke.
2. Kelling, G. L., & Moore, M. H. (1988). The evolving strategy of policing. Perspectives on Policing, 4, 1-15.
3. Locke, J. (1689). Two Treatises of Government. Awnsham Churchill.
4. Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50(4), 370–396.
5. Skolnick, J. H., & Bayley, D. H. (1986). The new blue line: Police innovation in a democratic society. The Public Interest, 84, 29-40.
6. Walker, S. (1999). The police in America: An introduction. McGraw-Hill.
7. U.S. Constitution. (1787). Bill of Rights.
8. Moore, M. H. (1992). The public interest and the police. The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania.
9. Goldstein, H. (1979). Contemporary Police Strategy: A Critique. Law & Society Review, 13(2), 279-299.
10. Reiss, A. J. (1971). The police and the social order: A theoretical and empirical analysis. Law & Society Review, 5(3), 357-372.