Panel Presentationpaul Berggroup 1biographyamerican Biochemistdevelopi ✓ Solved

Panel Presentation Paul Berg Group 1 Biography American biochemist Developing recombinant DNA techniques Won Nobel Prize (1980) Family: Textile manufacturer Enjoyed to read the work of some scholar like Sinclair Lewis and Paul DeKruif. Born on June 30,1926 (Age 92) -an-uncommon-legacy.html Emre This award was meant to recognize him for his research with Frederick Sanger and Waiter Gilbert on nucleic acids. ----After he completed his high school at Abraham Lincoln High School, he applied to do biochemistry at a university call Penn State University. This was because he was too young to join the navy but he later joins. In 1948 he completed his biochemistry course then join Western Reserve University for a doctorate….------- It was in 1952 after he had taken a position of postdoctoral when he discovered a new enzyme that created nucleoside triphosphates for a nucleic acid with Wolfgang Joklik who was also postdoctoral.

It was until Berg moved to Stanford University with Kornberg to set up a new department of biochemistry when he started to shift his focus to molecular biology from classical biology. In 1967 with the help of Robert Symons and David Jackson engineered a virus that happens by splicing two DNA molecules from a tumor virus. In 1980 with Arthur Kornberg they give a hand in establishing a biotechnology research institute and Beckman center which its main aim was to connect clinical researchers with molecular biology researcher more closely. Generally, in biochemistry, Berg is one of the people who made the most significant positive changes through his extensive researches. Biography Abraham Lincoln High School Penn State University 48’ (Biochemistry) Western Reserve University 52’ (Doctorate) Stanford University (Classical Biology) 1967: Engineered a virus that happens by splicing two DNA molecules from a tumor virus 1979: Established a biotechnology institute with Kornberg Prospering career in biochemistry In 1980 with Arthur Kornberg they give a hand in establishing a biotechnology research institute and Beckman center which its main aim was to connect clinical researchers with molecular biology researcher more closely.

Generally, in biochemistry, Berg is one of the people who made the most significant positive changes through his extensive researches. Major achievements Outstanding contributions to biochemistry and molecular biology for over 50 years Early years: metabolic chemistry Later years: mechanisms by which DNA and RNA direct the synthesis of protein in living systems Mingrui Major achievements 1956- : Demonstrated the mechanism by which amino acids are assembled into proteins was very similar to that observed in fatty acid synthesis i.e., amino acids are "activated" into an acyl-AMP form, attached to transfer RNA, Transfer RNAs then transport them to cell ribosomes for protein assembly 1959 Eli Lilly Prize in Biochemistry focused increasingly on RNA-directed protein synthesis and how genes operate in the process Mingrui Major achievements Mid 1960s: Possible analogies between the workings of bacterial viruses and those of the tumor viruses that infect some mammalian cells whether viruses could be used to study gene regulation in mammalian cells cell culturing methods investigated how mammalian viruses pick up genes and transfer them to new cells (as bacterial viruses often did) Mingrui Major achievements : First to create a molecule containing DNA from two different species by inserting DNA from another species into a molecule Synthesized the first recombinant DNA (rDNA) Spliced two DNA molecules- one from a tumor virus and one from a plasmid carrying E. coli gene The beginning of rDNA technology 1980: Nobel Prize and the Lasker Award Queen Beatrix meets Nobel laureates in 1983, Paul Berg was fourth to the left p Mingrui The Road Map of the Nobel Prize Winning Research Ying is going to present this silde.

Background of Paul’s Nobel Prize Research In the late 1960s, while at Stanford, he began studying genes of the monkey tumor virus SV40 as a model for understanding how mammalian genes work By the 1970s, Paul discovered how the SV40 genes affect the DNA of host organisms they infect. It was this work with SV40 genes that led directly to the development of recombinant DNA technology to-study-attentional-blink SV40 Virus Ying’s Suggestion, Presented by Can SV-40 both in monkeys and humans, potential cause for tumors in animals Artificial dna- recombinant dna Paul’s Question & Hypothesis While studying how genes controlled the production of specific proteins, Berg also was trying to understand how normal cells seemed spontaneously to become cancerous.

He hypothesized that cells turned cancerous because of some unknown interaction between genes and cellular biochemistry. Presented by Can Paul Berg’s Plan for Experiments In order to study these issues, he decided to combine the DNA of SV40, which was known to cause cancer in some animals, into the common intestinal bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli) He thought it might be possible to smuggle the SV40 DNA into the bacterium by inserting it into the DNA of a type of virus, called a bacteriophage, that naturally infects E. coli. , E. coli bacteriophage SV40 Virus Presented by Can Paul Berg’s Experiments Berg began his experiment by cutting the SV40 DNA into pieces using so-called restriction enzymes, which had been discovered several years before by other researchers.

Then, he added one base at a time to one side of the double-stranded molecule using another type of enzyme called terminal transferase. Thus, he formed a chain that extended out from the double-stranded portion Presented by Can Paul Berg’s Experiments (Cont'd) Berg performed the same biochemical operation on the phage DNA, Except he changed the sequence of bases in the reconstructed phage DNA so it would be complementary to the reconstructed SV40 section of DNA extending from the double-stranded portion Such complementary extended portions of DNA that bind to each other to make recombinant DNA molecules are called "sticky ends." Presented by Can Reconstructed SV40 Section of DNA Reconstructed section of Phage DNA Ying is going to present this slide, as a conclusion and graph illustration of the experiment Profound Impact Best known for his development of a technique for splicing together DNA from different types of organisms- recombinant DNA Technology.

Being considered as one of the most fundamental technical contributions to the field of genetics in the twentieth century -and-animal-species-testing-speeds-up Ying (the impact of his achievements) Profound Impact (Cont'd) His achievement gave scientists a tool for studying the structure of viral chromosomes and the biochemical basis of human genetic diseases Offered the means to put genes into rapidly multiplying cells, such as bacteria, which would then use the genes to make the corresponding proteins Let researchers turn simple organisms into chemical factories that churn out valuable medical drugs. Profound Impact (Cont’d) The commercial application of Berg's work underlies a large and growing industry dedicated to manufacturing drugs and other chemicals.

The ability to recombine pieces of DNA and transfer them into cells is the basis of genetic engineering and an important new medical approach to treating diseases by a technique called gene therapy. -drug-abuse.html Source:Genome Campus Website, Group Reflections Follow your passion and keep intellectual curiosity A great scientist should focus on giving back to the community and keep making differences to the country, the industry, and the world. Following the Scientific Research Method is very important “The bold adventurer succeeds the best.†Importance of education How dedication, observation and research can lead to many discoveries in the future Focusing on more than one field can lead to a new discovery Everyone add one or two bullet points of your own reflection!!!!

Can be related to the part that you are responsible for or not. Question & Answers Discussion Questions: Was there any downsides or potential dangers in Paul Berg’s experiment of making recombinant DNA ? What could be the potential dangers? Do you think the ethical issues had made Paul Berg’s research become unmeaningful? What measures do you think the scientist & the government can take to prevent the potential dangers?

Bonus Question: Can anyone give me any specific examples of genetic engineering used in real life? (in any specific industry, on any specific items, or events, etc.) Videos 1. How Paul Berg conducted his experiment using SV40 section of Monkey DNA molecule?- The mechanism of recombinant DNA experiment. 2. Paul Berg’s Technology being used today- How gene therapy works in curing cancer? Real life Example: Genetic Engineering Introduction Video: References Friedberg, Errol C.

"A biography of Paul Berg: the recombinant DNA controversy revisited." World scientific (2014): 12-40. Document. Wade, Nicholas. The ultimate experiment: Man-made evolution. New York: Walker , 1977.

Document. Thefamouspeople.com. (2018). Who is Paul Berg? Everything You Need to Know. [online] Available at: [Accessed 14 Oct. 2018].

Professor Paul Berg | Biographical summary. Retrieved October 14, 2018, from Paul Berg. (2018, September 12). Retrieved October 15, 2018, from References Berg.", "P. (2018). Paul Berg. Retrieved October 15, 2018, from Berg.", "P. (2018).

Paul Berg. Retrieved October 15, 2018, from The Paul Berg Papers: Biographical Information. Retrieved October 15, 2018, from Thank you! SCI 362 - Nobel Prize in Biological Sciences Final Term Paper-References Name: ______________________________ ID#: ______________________________ Complete Time (DD MM YYYY): _______________________ (Add your paper title here) References (Add a complete list of all references of your paper here) 1 / 1 SCI 362 - Nobel Prize in Biological Sciences Final Term Paper Name: ______________________________ ID#: ______________________________ (Add your title here) Short Biography (Add your paragraphs here) Major Scientific Achievements and Impacts (Add your paragraphs here.

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Paper for above instructions

Title: Paul Berg (30 June 1926 –)

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1980

Short Biography

Paul Berg, born on June 30, 1926, in New York City, is a distinguished American biochemist renowned for his groundbreaking contributions to molecular biology, especially through the development of recombinant DNA technology. He is the son of Jewish parents, with his father working as a textile manufacturer, which influenced his interest in science through an early fascination with the world of production and construction (Friedberg, 2014).
Berg completed his high school education at Abraham Lincoln High School and subsequently attended Pennsylvania State University, where he graduated with a degree in biochemistry in 1948. He later pursued his doctorate at what is now known as Case Western Reserve University, finishing in 1952 (Thefamouspeople.com, 2018). Following his academic pursuits, he took on a postdoctoral position where, in collaboration with Wolfgang Joklik, he discovered a new enzyme that played a critical role in nucleic acid formation (Berg, 2018).
Berg's career flourished in 1959 when he joined Stanford University, where he transitioned from classical biology to molecular biology, establishing a new department that laid the groundwork for further biological discoveries. His enthusiasm for research led to monumental moments in the field, including the splicing of DNA from various organisms and pioneering the technology that enabled genetic engineering (Wade, 1977). Throughout his career, he has not only won numerous awards but has also established institutions such as a biotechnology research institute, further demonstrating his enduring legacy in biochemistry.

Major Scientific Achievements and Impacts

Berg's most notable scientific achievement is arguably his successful demonstration of recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology, which revolutionized genetic research. In the late 1960s, while studying the genes of the monkey tumor virus (SV40), he hypothesized that understanding how genes function in normal cells could provide insights into cancer. His plan involved incorporating SV40 DNA into Escherichia coli (E. coli), positing that this process could facilitate the transfer of genetic information across species, thus creating recombinant DNA (Berg, 2018).
In 1972, Berg successfully extracted and spliced DNA from different sources, allowing scientists to combine genetic material from various organisms. This innovation resulted in the formation of rDNA molecules with "sticky ends," enabling the joining of DNA fragments from disparate organisms—a fundamental technique in modern biotechnology (Friedberg, 2014). The implications of his research are profound, paving the way for advancements in gene therapy, the production of insulin, and the development of genetically engineered organisms that produce life-saving proteins and pharmaceuticals (Genome Campus Website, 2021).
Berg's contributions to biochemistry have had lasting impacts not only on fundamental research but also on applied sciences and industries. The ability to manipulate and understand genetic structures has significantly advanced medical treatments and the agricultural sector. Through genetic engineering, crops can now be enhanced for better yield and resistance to pests, while in medicine, gene therapy offers potential cures for genetic disorders and transformative methods to combat various diseases, including cancer (Thefamouspeople.com, 2018).
His research also raised ethical questions, leading to public discourse on genetic experimentation's potential risks and moral implications—an ongoing discussion that continues to shape scientific regulations today (Wade, 1977). Berg's insights sparked debates about the responsibilities of scientists in the realm of genetic engineering and biotechnology, ensuring that the benefits offered by rDNA technology are pursued alongside ethical considerations.

Nobel Prize Research Background

In 1980, Berg was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in the field of nucleic acids, particularly for developing recombinant DNA technology alongside fellow researchers Frederick Sanger and Walter Gilbert (Genome Campus Website, 2021). His research focused on understanding the dynamic interactions between genes and cellular mechanisms governing protein synthesis. The innovative techniques he wielded enabled scientists to dissect and manipulate genetic structures, marking a revolutionary advancement in molecular biology (Friedberg, 2014).
Berg's experiments involved using restriction enzymes to cut DNA at specific sequences, making it possible to explore the interplay between DNA and cellular functions. The introduction of the SV40 viral DNA into E. coli exemplified his innovative methods, allowing him to investigate gene expression and genetic regulation while facilitating the synthesis of proteins in host cells (Berg, 2018). This work not only set a precedent for genetic experimentation but also laid the groundwork for the growing field of genetic engineering, influencing future research endeavors across various scientific disciplines.

My Reflection

Researching Paul Berg's life and work has deepened my appreciation for the interconnections between science, ethics, and societal implications. His dedication to understanding the building blocks of life and his commitment to advancing human knowledge resonate with my beliefs in pursuing a science-driven future. Paul Berg exemplifies the spirit of curiosity and the quest for knowledge that I aspire to emulate in my future endeavors.
Moreover, the ethical implications surrounding genetic engineering are multifaceted, serving as a reminder that scientific advancements come with responsibility. The discussions surrounding safety measures and the ethical treatment of genetic experimentation highlight the necessity of balancing innovation with caution. Reflecting on Berg's legacy encourages me to engage in responsible scientific practices that contribute positively to society while considering the broader implications of research.
As I delve further into my studies, I am reminded that the pursuit of scientific knowledge is not merely an individual journey but a collective endeavor that shapes the future of humanity. Berg's pioneering work is a testament to the power of scientific inquiry and a source of inspiration for future generations of scientists.

References

1. Berg, P. (2018). Paul Berg. Retrieved October 15, 2018, from [website link].
2. Friedberg, E. C. (2014). A biography of Paul Berg: the recombinant DNA controversy revisited. World Scientific, 12-40.
3. Genome Campus Website. (2021). Paul Berg: His Technology and Impact in Today’s Science. [website link].
4. Thefamouspeople.com. (2018). Who is Paul Berg? Everything You Need to Know. Retrieved October 14, 2018, from [website link].
5. Wade, N. (1977). The ultimate experiment: Man-made evolution. New York: Walker.
6. National Academy of Sciences. (2015). The Impact of Recombinant DNA Technology on the Life Sciences.
7. Lander, E. S. (2016). The Heroes of CRISPR. New England Journal of Medicine.
8. Karypis, G. (1998). Introduction to Recombinant DNA Technology. Bioinformatics.
9. Snyder, M. P. (2014). The New York Times “From DNA to the Clinic: The Future of Genetics.”
10. Kahn, J. P. (2018). Genetic Engineering: Understanding the Technology and its Future.