Phys 110 Written Homework 11 Average Velocity Versus Instantaneous V ✓ Solved

PHYS-110 Written Homework #1 1. Average Velocity versus Instantaneous Velocity Consider an object moving along the x-axis. The textbook defines the average velocity during a time interval Δt as ~vx,avg = ~x t . The textbook defines the instantaneous velocity at a specific moment in time as ~vx = limt!0 ~x t . Let’s see if we can apply these equations to an example.

Consider an object moving along the x-axis with a position given by x = 3t2 (this corresponds to an object undergoing constant acceleration). We can use this equation to calculate the object’s position (x) at any moment in time (t). Let’s make a table. Time, t (seconds) Position, x (meters) ..1 2.5 18. a) Use the equation x = 3t2 to fill in the missing position values in the table. b) Consider the time interval from t = 2 s to t = 3 s. What is x, t, and v x,avg for this interval?

Our v x,avg value tells us the average velocity from t = 2 s to t = 3 s. But what if we want to know the velocity exactly at t = 2 s? To find the instantaneous velocity, we use the same x t expression but we look at what happens when we make t smaller and smaller. c) Consider the time interval from t = 2 s to t = 2.5 s. What is x, t, and v x,avg for this interval? d) Consider the time interval from t = 2 s to t = 2.1 s. What is x, t, and v x,avg for this interval? e) Consider the time interval from t = 2 s to t = 2.01 s.

What is x, t, and v x,avg for this interval? f) Our answers for b), c), d), and e) seem to be getting closer and closer to a certain value. What value do they seem to be approaching? You just took the limit of x t as t approaches zero! You started at t = 2 s (our moment of interest) and you made t smaller and smaller to see what value x t approaches. In other words, you found the instantaneous velocity at t = 2 seconds.

Too bad this process of finding the instantaneous velocity was so tedious. It would be nice if we didn’t have to do four different calculations and look for a trend. It would be great if we could somehow find the instantaneous velocity in one step. That’s what Calculus allows us to do! In Calculus, the limit process you just went through is called “taking the derivative of x with respect to t†and is written as dx dt .

It turns out there is an easy rule to figure out what your answer is going to be: If x = Ct2 where C is any number, then limt!0 x t = dx dt = 2Ct . g) Our position equation is x = 3t2. What is the value of C for our position equation? h) What value do you get for 2Ct if you use your value for C from part g and plug in 2 for t? Is this the same as (or very close to) your answer from part f? In our motion diagrams, t between points is usually very small which is why we usually just write ~v instead of ~vavg. The equation we used to find the limit in this problem (2Ct) is an example of the general equation shown at the end of Section 2.4 in our textbook.

2. A Ball on a Ramp Consider a ball that rolls up and back down a short ramp. a) Sketch a motion diagram for the ball’s entire up and back down trip. b) Add velocity vectors to your motion diagram. c) Explain in words and show with a sketch how you determine the acceleration vector. d) Add an acceleration vector for while the ball is moving up the ramp and a second acceleration vector for when the ball is coming down the ramp. e) For any problem, how should the directions of ~v and ~a compare when an object is speeding up? How should they compare when an object is slowing down? Are the vectors in your motion diagram consistent with these ideas? f) Sketch a position vs. time graph for the ball (position vs. time means that position is on the vertical axis and time is on the horizontal axis). g) Sketch a velocity vs. time graph for the ball. *There are no numbers in this problem, but your graphs should be accurate with regard to: - Whether the graph starts at positive values or negative values - Whether the graph is a straight line or is curved - Whether the graph ever crosses the time axis h) On BOTH GRAPHS indicate the moment when the ball changes direction. i) When the ball changes direction, is the slope of your position graph positive, negative, or zero?

What does this tell you about the velocity at that moment? j) When the ball changes direction, is the slope of your velocity graph positive, negative, or zero? What does this tell you about the acceleration at that moment? 3. Translating Between Graphs Consider the position vs. time graph below. a) Suppose x = 0 is the location of your car. Write a short “story†of the motion being depicted in this graph. b) Sketch the corresponding velocity vs. time graph with accurate numerical values.

IE 530/STAT 513 Quality Control Homework Assignment – 1 Assigned: August 30, 2014. Due: September 12, 2014. Each of the following ten questions is worth 10 points. The grades will be based on the contents and clarity of the essays. 1.

Write a short essay (1 page or less) about the strategy of Total Quality Management, its history, strengths and weaknesses. You are expected to research the topic and write a clear, well-organized essay. You are not to exceed a page. Reproducing the material presented in the textbook will receive a maximum of 3 points. 2.

Write a short essay (1 page or less) about the ISO 9000 series of standards. You are expected to research the topic and write a clear, well-organized essay. Reproducing the material presented in the textbook will receive a maximum of 3 points. 3. Write a short essay (1 page or less) about Quality Assurance.

You are expected to research the topic and write a clear, well-organized essay. Reproducing the material presented in the textbook will receive a maximum of 3 points. 4. Write a short critical essay (1 page or less) on the contributions of W.E. Deming, J.M.

Juran and A.V. Feigenbaum to the discipline of quality control and improvement. You may use the material in the text. However your essay must be a clear and concise summary that captures the highlights of their contributions. 5.

One of the tools used in the Improve step of DMAIC is the Shewhart Cycle or the PDCA (PDSA) cycle. Write a short description (1 page or less) of the four steps in the PDCA cycle, using an example context to describe the steps. 6. Write a short essay (1 page or less) explaining the salient aspects of the six-sigma program. Include a discussion of the organization of personnel in a six-sigma framework.

7. Write a short essay (1 page or less) explaining the salient aspects of lean systems philosophy of management. You are expected to provide a critical and insightful overview of the philosophy. 8. A major grocery store has realized that staffing its checkout counters with human staff is increasing wait-times for customers, and adding personnel costs for the store.

Therefore, it wants to consider improving the quality of its service, while cutting personnel costs, through two enhancements: (1) RFID-tag the items in the store. (2) Install RFID readers at the checkout counters for automated billing. Write a sample project charter for the above project. The charter must be no more than two pages long. 9. Write a short essay (1 page or less) about the role quality control played in the success of the Japanese manufacturing industry in the 1950s and the 1960s.

You are encouraged to supplement the discussion in the text with material from outside the text. 10. Write a short essay (1 page or less) about the DMAIC, using one of the examples discussed in the book.

Paper for above instructions

Introduction

Understanding the concepts of average and instantaneous velocity is pivotal in physics, especially when analyzing the motion of objects along a straight line or the x-axis. This homework assignment includes calculations based on an example of constant acceleration, where we’ll explore the relationships between time, position, and velocity for an object described by the equation \( x = 3t^2 \). Additionally, we will analyze the motions of a ball on a ramp while producing graphical representations for better understanding.

Average Velocity versus Instantaneous Velocity

Part (a): Fill in the Missing Position Values

Using the equation \( x = 3t^2 \):
- For \( t = 1 \):
\[
x = 3(1)^2 = 3 \, \text{m}
\]
- For \( t = 2.5 \):
\[
x = 3(2.5)^2 = 18.75 \, \text{m}
\]
- For \( t = 3 \):
\[
x = 3(3)^2 = 27 \, \text{m}
\]
Thus, the completed table is as follows:
| Time, \( t \) (seconds) | Position, \( x \) (meters) |
|--------------------------|-----------------------------|
| 1 | 3 |
| 2.5 | 18.75 |
| 3 | 27 |

Part (b): Average Velocity from \( t = 2 \) s to \( t = 3 \) s

Now we can find the average velocity \( v_{x,\text{avg}} \) for the time interval from \( t = 2 \) s to \( t = 3 \) s.
- At \( t = 2 \):
\[
x = 3(2)^2 = 12 \, \text{m}
\]
- At \( t = 3 \):
\[
x = 27 \, \text{m}
\]
- Change in position \( \Delta x = x_3 - x_2 = 27 - 12 = 15 \, \text{m} \)
- Change in time \( \Delta t = 3 - 2 = 1 \, \text{s} \)
Thus, the average velocity:
\[
v_{x,\text{avg}} = \frac{\Delta x}{\Delta t} = \frac{15}{1} = 15 \, \text{m/s}
\]

Part (c): Average Velocity from \( t = 2 \) s to \( t = 2.5 \) s

Now, considering the time interval from \( t = 2 \) s to \( t = 2.5 \) s:
- At \( t = 2.5 \):
\[
x = 18.75 \, \text{m}
\]
- Again, using \( x \) at \( t = 2 \) as calculated earlier, which is \( 12 \, \text{m} \).
- Change in position:
\[
\Delta x = 18.75 - 12 = 6.75 \, \text{m}
\]
- Change in time
\[
\Delta t = 2.5 - 2 = 0.5 \, \text{s}
\]
Average velocity:
\[
v_{x,\text{avg}} = \frac{6.75}{0.5} = 13.5 \, \text{m/s}
\]

Part (d): Average Velocity from \( t = 2 \) s to \( t = 2.1 \) s

Calculating for \( t = 2.1 \):
- At \( t = 2.1 \):
\[
x = 3(2.1)^2 = 13.23 \, \text{m}
\]
- Change in position:
\[
\Delta x = 13.23 - 12 = 1.23 \, \text{m}
\]
- Change in time:
\[
\Delta t = 2.1 - 2 = 0.1 \, \text{s}
\]
Average velocity:
\[
v_{x,\text{avg}} = \frac{1.23}{0.1} = 12.3 \, \text{m/s}
\]

Part (e): Average Velocity from \( t = 2 \) s to \( t = 2.01 \) s

Finally, for \( t = 2.01 \):
- At \( t = 2.01 \):
\[
x = 3(2.01)^2 = 12.1203 \, \text{m}
\]
- Change in position:
\[
\Delta x = 12.1203 - 12 = 0.1203 \, \text{m}
\]
- Change in time:
\[
\Delta t = 2.01 - 2 = 0.01 \, \text{s}
\]
Average velocity:
\[
v_{x,\text{avg}} = \frac{0.1203}{0.01} = 12.03 \, \text{m/s}
\]

Part (f): Approaching a Certain Value

The average velocity from parts (b) through (e) appears to be converging towards 12 m/s. This suggests that we are closing in on the instantaneous velocity at \( t = 2 \).

Part (g): Value of C in the Position Equation

From the equation \( x = Ct^2 \), we have \( C = 3 \).

Part (h): Calculate Instantaneous Velocity

Now for \( 2Ct \) at \( t = 2 \):
\[
2Ct = 2 \cdot 3 \cdot 2 = 12 \, \text{m/s}
\]
This confirms that our average velocity is approaching the instantaneous velocity at \( t = 2 \).

Motion of a Ball on a Ramp

Part (a): Motion Diagram

A motion diagram of the ball rolling up and down the ramp would show:
- An ascending trajectory followed by a descending trajectory.

Part (b): Velocity Vectors

- Velocity vectors would point in the direction of motion, longer while rolling downhill and shorter while rolling uphill.

Part (c): Acceleration Vector

The acceleration vector would point down the ramp throughout the motion because gravity acts downward.

Part (d): Acceleration Vectors Up and Down the Ramp

While going uphill, the acceleration vector would still point down since gravity is the only accelerative force acting on the ball, causing it to decelerate. Conversely, it would also point down while going downhill, accelerating the ball.

Part (e): Directions of \( \vec{v} \) and \( \vec{a} \)

- When an object is speeding up, the velocity and acceleration vectors point in the same direction. When it slows down, they point in opposite directions, and our vectors for the ball are consistent with these principles.

Part (f): Position vs. Time Graph

- The graph of position vs. time would curve upwards when the ball is moving up and then downwards when it rolls down.

Part (g): Velocity vs. Time Graph

- The velocity would initially be positive, peak, then decrease, crossing zero when the ball stops before rolling back down, indicated by a downward slope.

Part (h): Moment of Direction Change

The moment the ball changes direction is marked on both graphs.

Part (i): Slope of Position Graph

- The slope would be zero at the moment of direction change, indicating that the velocity also equals zero.

Part (j): Slope of Velocity Graph at Direction Change

At direction change, the slope of the velocity graph is zero, demonstrating that the acceleration vector momentarily equals zero.

Conclusion

In summary, this assignment illustrates the importance of understanding average versus instantaneous velocities and their relationships over different time intervals. Additionally, applying these concepts to practical scenarios helps reinforce the theoretical principles learned in physics while highlighting the significance of acceleration in motion dynamics.

References

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