Ps 1010 American Government 1course Learning Outcomes For Unit Viii ✓ Solved

PS 1010, American Government 1 Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VIII Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to: 6. Discuss how policies affect change. 6.1 Describe the goals of domestic, economic, and foreign policy in the United States. 6.2 Discuss how and why the Constitution’s determination of authority in foreign affairs is often referred to as an invitation to struggle. 6.3 Differentiate between the concepts of isolationism and internationalism.

7. Identify the impact of media on public opinion and politics. 7.1 Describe how the media can affect policy. Course/Unit Learning Outcomes Learning Activity 6.1 Unit VIII Lesson Reading: “11a. Foreign Policy: What Now?†Reading: “11b.

Defense Policy†Reading: “11c. Economic Policy†Reading: “11d. Social and Regulatory Policy†Unit VIII Final Project 6.2 Unit VIII Lesson Reading: “An ‘Invitation to Struggle’? The Use of Force Against ‘Legislatively Vulnerable’ American Presidents†Reading: “11. Policy Making: Political Interactions†Unit VIII Final Project 6.3 Unit VIII Lesson Reading: “Lesson 4: The Great Debate: Internationalists vs.

Isolationists†Unit VIII Final Project 7.1 Unit VIII Lesson Reading: Policy Making: Political Interactions Unit VIII Final Project Reading Assignment To access the following resources, click the links below. Foster, D. M. (2006). An “invitation to struggleâ€? The use of force against “legislatively vulnerable†American presidents.

International Studies Quarterly, 50(2), 421–444. Retrieved from n.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=&site=ehost-live&scope=site Independence Hall Association. (n.d.). 11. Policy Making: Political interactions. Retrieved from Independence Hall Association. (n.d.).

11a. Foreign policy: What now? Retrieved from UNIT VIII STUDY GUIDE Policy: Domestic, Economic, and Foreign PS 1010, American Government 2 UNIT x STUDY GUIDE Title Independence Hall Association. (n.d.). 11b. Defense policy.

Retrieved from Independence Hall Association. (n.d.). 11c. Economic policy. Retrieved from Independence Hall Association. (n.d.). 11d.

Social and regulatory policy. Retrieved from National Endowment for the Humanities. (n.d.). Lesson 4: The great debate: Internationalists vs. isolationists. Retrieved from isolationists#sect-background Unit Lesson Our government is empowered to make political decisions that affect not only Americans, but also other countries, including both allies and enemies. Many things shape American public policy: political campaigns, world events, court cases, media attention, and almost anything one can think of that can bring an issue to the spotlight.

Though the primary goal of setting policy is protecting the needs and interests of the United States and its citizens, there are often policies and decisions that look at a larger picture—one that appears to protect other nations above the interests of our own. Foreign Policy The American way is an ideal that we as United States citizens are willing to protect at all costs. Foreign policy is one of the ways that we protect our national interests. To do this, we make sure that our military is adequately prepared and that we have productive trade policies and relations. In many ways, Franklin D.

Roosevelt’s great isolationists versus internationalists debate stemming from his Lend-Lease proposal remains a hot topic today. Are we better off immersing ourselves in world affairs, regardless of the risk to our own citizens and land, or are we better served by remaining neutral and avoiding involvement in other countries’ affairs? Such is the basis of American foreign policy. The State Department, headed by the secretary of state, coordinates foreign relations through embassies located in countries across the world. In order to do their work well, State Department officials and staff must have access to the most up-to-date intelligence available.

This intelligence is gathered mostly through the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the National Security Agency (NSA). During the Spanish-American War, the United States branched out into world affairs for a time. Prior to and following World War I (WWI), the United States became a more isolationist country. We were more intent on building our infrastructure and consolidating our colonies than worrying about Europe and its ongoing disagreements. During World War II (WWII), we realized with the bombing of Pearl Harbor that we could no longer keep blinders on and pretend that what happened in Europe did not affect us.

As a result, the United States became an internationalist country. From the end of WWII until the end of the 1980s, our Cold War with Russia and the containment of communism was the biggest push of our foreign affairs department. For most of the Cold War, Russia and the United States did not directly engage in combat, but instead moved behind the scenes diplomatically in various countries. The hottest parts of the Cold War were the Korean Conflict during the 1950s, the Vietnam Conflict, and the Cuban Missile Crisis. The Soviet Union would finally collapse at the end of the 1980s in no small part because of its massive amount of defense spending.

This collapse would leave the United States as the world’s largest military power (Stratfor, 2016) PS 1010, American Government 3 UNIT x STUDY GUIDE Title With the collapse of the Soviet Union, the United States began to call for other countries to increase participation and respond collectively to problems around the world. This multilateralism was seen during the first Gulf War as well as with the U.S. and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) forces used in Bosnia when the Serbs were committing genocide. Since the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001, we have been fighting a war on terrorism. While this war on terrorism at first manifested in the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, it is indeed a battle of many places and faces.

The Global War on Terrorism (GWOT) has cost much in not only money but in the sense of security, safety, and human life. Terrorism has changed the way we travel, think, and live. The problem is that we are fighting an idea with many faces rather than a country with defined borders. Because of this new kind of war, the United States has sought to change its military into small and highly mobile combat units that can fight wherever and whenever needed (Berkowitz, 2002). Economic Policy Along with fighting the world’s evil, the United States must also live and trade with the world.

No longer can any country be an island unto itself, particularly one whose economy has become a global economy. There is one significant question: “Does the government direct the economy, or does the economy direct itself?†(Independence Hall Association, n.d.-b, para. 1). Spanning two broad categories of fiscal and monetary policy, U.S. economic policy has four major goals: stable markets, economic prosperity, business development, and protecting employment (Federal Reserve System, n.d.). Monetary policy is the government’s policy of controlling the money supply.

Too much money in circulation leads to inflation, while too little leads to deflation or can even lead to a recession (Independence Hall Association, n.d.-b). Until the 20th century, the United States operated under a laissez-faire economic policy that required an open market (Independence Hall Association, n.d.-b). During the Great Depression, the concept of Keynesian economics emerged. This policy was the opposite of the laissez-faire strategy with a primary tenet that it was the government that should manage the economy (Independence Hall Association, n.d.-b). The debate over which strategy is best remains, as current policy lies somewhere between the two strategies.

The American economy depends heavily on international commerce, and most businesses today are multinational corporations with offices and facilities all over the world. When one country falters in paying its debts, it starts to drag down all of the others. Since 2008, we have seen many countries, such as Greece and Cyprus, come close to defaulting on their loans only to be bailed out by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) so that the world’s economy can stabilize. Internationalism and multilateralism on a grand scale have been illustrated by the European Union (EU), though the manifestation of the potential negative effects of both have also become increasingly evident. Rising conflict regarding policy led to the United Kingdom’s exit from the EU, known as Brexit, in 2016 (“Eight Reasons Leave Won,†2016).

Domestic Policy The domestic policy-making process involves six primary steps: realization of a problem, setting an agenda to solve the problem, creating a policy to deal with the problems, and adopting, implementing, and evaluating World Trade Center after the 9-11 attacks (Tourtellotte, 2001) Brexit (Kroschel, n.d.) PS 1010, American Government 4 UNIT x STUDY GUIDE Title the policy (Independence Hall Association, n.d.-a). Domestic policy involves any policy related to actions and issues of national importance that occur within our borders. Some examples of domestic policy issues are healthcare, education, welfare, insurance, and labor. The United States uses a federalist form of government with a constitutionally expressed separation of the state and federal governments.

More often than not, the lines become blurred as to who has jurisdiction. In April, 2010, the states of Arizona, South Carolina, Pennsylvania, Minnesota, Rhode Island, Michigan, and Illinois decided to enact their own immigration laws. These states were protesting a federal government that was not protecting the borders from illegal aliens who were putting financial and systemic strains on their economies. As a result, individual plaintiffs, as well as the U.S. Department of Justice, filed lawsuits seeking to stop Arizona’s SB 1070 law, which added additional state requirements, crimes, and penalties related to the enforcement of immigration laws (Morse, 2011).

In an analysis of the Supreme Court’s ruling on Arizona’s immigration enforcement laws, Ann Morse, the program director for the National Conference of State Legislatures, made the observation that SB 1070 is preempted specifically by the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA). This preemption was a result of U.S. foreign policy and federal law. Based on research of similar cases and laws, Morse noted that the laws violated at least two clauses of the U.S. Constitution, the Supremacy Clause and the Commerce Clause (Morse, 2011). The U.S.

Supreme Court upheld a portion of the Arizona SB 1070 law, but struck down other aspects. The majority opinion stated that although Arizona has legitimate frustrations with illegal immigrants, the state cannot create policies that undermine federal laws. Because of the unconstitutionality of portions of SB 1070, Morse (2011) noted that the U.S. Department of Justice filed injunctions before those portions could take effect. Regulatory policy is a large component of American domestic policy.

Regulatory bodies regulate everything from what you eat to what you buy and where and how it is made. There are three basic categories of federal regulations: business, labor, and environment and energy. Regulatory policy has stemmed directly from the preamble to the Constitution where “promoting the general welfare†was prescribed (Independence Hall Association, n.d.-c). Public policy in America is a necessary but controversial subject, particularly in the land of the free where citizens often cite such freedoms as their right to ignore policy altogether. References Berkowitz, B. (2002, July 30).

Fighting the New War. Hoover Digest. Retrieved from Eight reasons Leave won the UK’s referendum on the EU. (2016, June 24). Retrieved from Federal Reserve System. (n.d.). Conducting monetary policy.

Retrieved from Independence Hall Association. (n.d.-a). 11. Policy making: Political interactions. Retrieved from Independence Hall Association. (n.d.-b). 11c.

Economic policy. Retrieved from Independence Hall Association. (n.d.-c). 11d. Social and regulatory policy. Retrieved from Kroschel, S. (n.d.).

Brexit [Image]. Retrieved from / PS 1010, American Government 5 UNIT x STUDY GUIDE Title Morse, A. (2011). Arizona's immigration enforcement laws. Retrieved from Stratfor. (2016, December). From red to sliver: The 25th anniversary of the fall of the Soviet Union.

Retrieved from Tourtellotte, J. (2001). World Trade Center 6 after the 9-11 attacks [Image]. Retrieved from Suggested Reading To access the following resources, click the links below. The following essay outlines the shared powers of the U.S. Congress and the president about foreign policymaking.

Baritono, R. (2014, January). “An invitation to struggle?†Congress and U.S. foreign policy (Analysis No. 229). Retrieved from The following article describes the steps followed when creating foreign policy in the United States. Foreign Policy Association. (2017).

How U.S. foreign policy is made. Retrieved from This file is intended to be loaded by Logisim ( addr/data: 8 8 0

Paper for above instructions

The Influence of Policy in American Government

In the context of American Government, policies can significantly induce changes, argue the main goals of domestic, economic, and foreign policies, abridge the authority laid out in the Constitution, and delineate the differing viewpoints of isolationism and internationalism. This paper will highlight how these elements interconnect and shape the United States' actions both domestically and internationally.

Understanding the Goals of Policies

Policies play a pivotal role in defining the operational sphere of government and its engagements with both its citizens and foreign entities. Each of these three broad categories—domestic, economic, and foreign policy—serves critical functions.
1. Domestic Policy aims to address issues within the nation, such as healthcare, education, and social welfare (Independence Hall Association, n.d.-a). The primary goal is to improve the quality of life and address the needs of American citizens while balancing the interests of states and the federal government.
2. Economic Policy encompasses the regulation and management of the economy, aiming for stable markets, economic growth, and job creation (Federal Reserve System, n.d.). This is crucial, especially in the globalized economy where economic decisions have far-reaching consequences. Historically, U.S. economic policy has evolved from laissez-faire principles to a more interventionist approach during events like the Great Depression, emphasizing that government plays a significant role in managing economic health (Independence Hall Association, n.d.-b).
3. Foreign Policy serves the dual purpose of promoting national interests and ensuring security through diplomatic efforts and military readiness (Stratfor, 2016). The U.S. foreign policy trajectory demonstrates a constant interplay between isolationism and internationalism, notably since World War II when the consequences of global conflicts became undeniably pertinent to American security interests (National Endowment for the Humanities, n.d.).

An Invitation to Struggle in Foreign Affairs

The Constitution's determination of authority in foreign affairs often leads to contention, encapsulated in the phrase "an invitation to struggle" (Foster, 2006). This stems from the ambiguous allocation of powers between Congress and the President, particularly regarding military engagement and treaty-making. The President, as Commander-in-Chief, possesses the authority to dispatch troops but requires congressional approval for funding and extended military actions, which can lead to conflicts over foreign policy direction.
This dilemma often places the executive and legislative branches at odds, particularly when a president engages in military actions perceived as unilateral. For example, recent military interventions have ignited debates over the constitutional limits of executive power—a demonstration of the potential for conflict inherent in the hybrid nature of authority provided by the Constitution.

Isolationism vs. Internationalism

The concepts of isolationism and internationalism also impact American foreign policy and public opinion regarding America's role in global affairs. Isolationism advocates for minimal intervention in world politics, suggesting that the U.S. should focus on domestic productiveness and avoid entanglements abroad. This tendency was evident in the period following World War I, with politicians emphasizing a return to pre-war priorities (National Endowment for the Humanities, n.d.).
In contrast, internationalism supports active engagement in global matters—championing the notion that global stability is integral to national security. The post-World War II era pivoted the U.S. towards internationalism, as exemplified through the formation of NATO and involvement in the United Nations (Stratfor, 2016). The attack on September 11, 2001, reinforced a belief in the necessity of international action through the ongoing Global War on Terror, highlighting how global issues can swiftly affect domestic security (Berkowitz, 2002).

Impact of Media on Public Opinion and Politics

Media plays a crucial role in shaping public opinion and influencing policy decisions in the U.S. The 24-hour news cycle emphasizes repeated coverage, particularly during crises or significant political moves. For instance, the portrayal of military interventions can sway public sentiment either in favor or against governmental decisions. The media often serves as both a platform for political discourse and a watchdog, bringing governmental accountability to the forefront (Kroschel, n.d.).
Furthermore, media can mold policy discussions, framing issues in terms favorable to particular political lines. When local stories gain national attention, they can propel certain policies to the forefront of political discussions, demonstrating how media can directly impact policy agendas. For example, widespread coverage on immigration and police brutality led to burgeoning debates surrounding civil rights and police reform (Morse, 2011).

Conclusion

In conclusion, the complexities of American policy—domestic, economic, and foreign—present multifaceted challenges and opportunities for change and growth. The struggle between the branches of government over the authority in foreign affairs exemplifies the ongoing negotiation for power that shapes foreign policy. Moreover, the discourse around isolationism versus internationalism continues to define America's approach to global engagement, particularly reflecting the lessons learned from past involvements. Finally, the role of media as a conduit of public opinion proves instrumental in how policy is shaped and reformed in the ever-evolving landscape of American government.

References

Berkowitz, B. (2002, July 30). Fighting the New War. Hoover Digest. Retrieved from [Hoover Institution](https://www.hoover.org)
Eight reasons Leave won the UK’s referendum on the EU. (2016, June 24). Retrieved from [The Observer](https://www.theguardian.com)
Federal Reserve System. (n.d.). Conducting monetary policy. Retrieved from [Federal Reserve](https://www.federalreserve.gov)
Foster, D. M. (2006). An “invitation to struggle”? The use of force against “legislatively vulnerable” American presidents. International Studies Quarterly, 50(2), 421–444. Retrieved from [JSTOR](https://www.jstor.org)
Independence Hall Association. (n.d.-a). Policy making: Political interactions. Retrieved from [Independence Hall](https://www.ushistory.org)
Independence Hall Association. (n.d.-b). Economic policy. Retrieved from [Independence Hall](https://www.ushistory.org)
Independence Hall Association. (n.d.-c). Social and regulatory policy. Retrieved from [Independence Hall](https://www.ushistory.org)
Kroschel, S. (n.d.). Brexit [Image]. Retrieved from [Varied Sources]
Morse, A. (2011). Arizona's immigration enforcement laws. Retrieved from [National Conference of State Legislatures](https://www.ncsl.org)
Stratfor. (2016, December). From red to silver: The 25th anniversary of the fall of the Soviet Union. Retrieved from [Stratfor](https://www.stratfor.com)
National Endowment for the Humanities. (n.d.). The great debate: Internationalists vs. isolationists. Retrieved from [NEH](https://www.neh.gov)