Atoms in the second row (such as C, N, O, and F) have one orbital (spherical) an

Question

Atoms in the second row (such as C, N, O, and F) have one orbital (spherical) and three orbitals (dumbbell-shaped, pointed in three different directions) the valence shell. What is a sigma (sigma) bond? Consider a carbon atom in its ground state and excited state Would such an atom offer a satisfactory model for the carbon of methane? According to ground state model, carbon should be able to form only bonds. According to excited state model, carbon should be able to form bonds but it implies that one of the resulting bonds should be from at the others. But four bonds in CH_4 seem to be identical. To solve this dilemma, chemists proposed that atoms like carbon use a set of new orbitals called

Explanation / Answer

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Sigma bond : Sigma bonds are covalent bonds formed by direct overlapping between two adjacent atom's outermost orbitals. The single electrons from each atom's orbital combine to form anelectron pair creating the sigma bond.

Ground state model : 2 bonds

Excited state model : 4 bonds ; shorter

Hybridized orbitals

Hybridization : Hybridisation  is the concept of mixing atomic orbitals into new hybrid orbitals (with different energies, shapes, etc., than the component atomic orbitals) suitable for the pairing of electrons to form chemicalbonds in valence bond theory.

sp3 hybridized orbitals are used in methane

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