Carol, a 55 year old woman, is experiencing excruciating pain that radiates from
ID: 102440 • Letter: C
Question
Carol, a 55 year old woman, is experiencing excruciating pain that radiates from her right abdomen to her right lower back. This pain in intermittent, but reoccurs every 3-4 mins. Carol doesn't drink much water and enjoys salty snacks. What is the likely cause of Carol's pain? Explain why the pain comes in waves. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) converts angiotensin into angiotensin ACE intribitors are a class of drugs used to treat high blood pressure. Based on your understanding of anglotensin explain the mechanism of these medications. John's wife has been diagnosed with hypertension and given a restricted diet to follow. The diet includes lots of fruits and vegetables and a very restricted salt intake. Since John's wife does most of the cooking John, who does not have hypertension, has been eating the same food as his wife. John has recently suffered from stomach flu which included both vomiting and He is now experiencing muscle lethargy, a rapid heartbeat and mental confusion. What is the most likely cause of John's symptoms? Explain. Which of the following symptoms are consistent with reduced secretion of aldosterone: Excessive urine production, low blood pressure, high plasma potassium levels, and high plasma sodium levels? Explain John and Jean are experiencing fertility problems. Please, explain one physical and one hormonal cause of infertility in men and women. Then explain some options this couple has to improve their fertility.Explanation / Answer
1. ANS: There are numerous possible sources of lower right back pain in the organs of the mid-back, abdominal, or pelvic regions. Pain may start following inflammation or irritation of an internal organ, or may be a sign of infection. Kidney stones and a kidney infection can be very similar. Both conditions can cause low back pain on one side, as well as pain with urination and nausea and vomiting. Carol pain comes in waves because the contraction of the urethra comes in intervals and the pain is felt when the walls close in on the stone.
2. ANS: Angiotensin II is a very potent chemical formed in the blood that causes muscles surrounding blood vessels to contract, thereby narrowing the vessels. This narrowing increases the pressure within the vessels and can cause hypertension. Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) are medications that block the action of angiotensin II by preventing angiotensin II from binding to angiotensin II receptors on the muscles surrounding blood vessels. As a result, blood vessels enlarge (dilate) and blood pressure is reduced.
3. ANS: The heart rate is regulated by two mechanisms, they are...
1. Sympathetic system: Increases the rate
2. Parasympathetic system: Decreases the rate.
Sodium and chloride outside the cells and potassium inside the cells work together to initiate nerve impulse conduction that causes muscle contractions and regulate heart rate.
Primary symptoms associated with too much or too little sodium affect the nervous system and include confusion, lethargy and muscle twitching. Alterations in sodium are connected to changes in the amount of water in the blood because sodium draws water. Decreased sodium lowers blood volume, causing the blood pressure to drop and the heart rate to increase.