Can you help me solve these questions? A1%20Drug%20action%202018 (Protected View
ID: 148514 • Letter: C
Question
Can you help me solve these questions?
A1%20Drug%20action%202018 (Protected View-word Layout References Mailings Review View Tell me what you want to do can contain viruses, Unless you need to edit, it's safer to stay in Protected View Enable Editing For calculations, please show your work including the formulas you are using to reach your answer. 1. Paul has been taking a drug for a long period of time. His response has been measured over time and has generated the following graph. The arrows indicate the time of administration. Why is his response decreasinge Be as specific as you can. 12 pts 2. Sally is diagnosed with pneumonia after examination by her doctor. Her symptoms are cough and shortness of breath. Given the severity of her symptoms, the doctor feels that treatment with tobramycin should be started immediately. A therapeutic concentration of 4mg/L is desired as quickly as possible. Tobramycin distributes to extracellular fluid and has a tir2 of 7.5 hours. What is the loading dose for the requireda 12 pts] Steve is prescribed a drug to take orally that is 500 mg. Onhy approximately 82mg is actually absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. 13 pts 3. a. What is the bioavailability? b. The drug also undergoes biotransformation through Phase lI reactions in the liver. What is the major role of Phase II biotransformation? c. Do you think that oral administration is the best method of administration? Explain your answerExplanation / Answer
3. Bioavailability: Bioavailability is a subcategory of absorption and is the fraction of an administered dose of unchanged drug that reaches the systemic circulation, one of the principal pharmacokinetic properties of drugs. When a medication is administered intravenously, its bioavailability is 100%. However, when a medication is administered via other routes such as orally, its bioavailability generally decreases due to incomplete absorption and first-pass metabolism or may vary from patient to patient. Bioavailability is one of the essential tools in pharmacokinetics, as bioavailability must be considered when calculating dosages for non-intravenous routes of administration.
# Major role of biotransformations are:
i. When Phase I reactions are not producing sufficiently hyfophilic (water soluble) or inactive metabolites, the durgs or metabolites formed form phase I reaction undergoes phase II reactions.
ii. These are capable of converting metabolites to more polar and water soluble products.
iii. These reactions require both a high-energy molecule and an enzyme.
iv. The enzymes that catalyzed conjugation reactions are called transferases, found mainly in the liver and to a lesser extent in the intestines and other tissues.
# Oral administration is a route of administration where a substance is taken through the mouth. Per os is sometimes used as an abbreviation for medication to be taken orally. Many medications are taken orally because they are intended to have a systemic effect, reaching different parts of the body via the bloodstream. Infact, Two routes of administration are commonly used in horses: oral and intravenous. Although horses do appear to absorb some fluid following enema administration, this is typically not the most effective route for hydration. All routes of fluid administration have attendant benefits and risks.