Chapter 7 5. What are the GENERAL similarities and differences between photosynt
ID: 151039 • Letter: C
Question
Chapter 7 5. What are the GENERAL similarities and differences between photosynthesis and cellular respiration? Please includ the following in your answer: A) What types of organisms organelles are associated with each? B) The chemical equation (e.g. What are the inputs and outputs for photosynthesis and cellular respiration?) 6. What is meant by the "light reactions' and "dark reactions" of photosynthesis? A) Please describe these (HINT: inputs, outputs, location in the chloroplast) and B) tell me why they are important and how do they benefit me (relate 3 examples... think "global climate change/Greenhouse Effect" for one)?? Chapter 8 7. Describe substrate level phosphorylation" and provide 2 examples (Hint: glycolysis) of these important cellular respiration reactions. (You may want to use a labeled drawing to help explain). 8. List the four phases of complete glucose breakdown and where they occur in the eukaryotic cell. Please include your answer which ones release CO:, produce H:0, and the ATP inputs/outputs in 9. If the breakdown of one 18-carbon fatty acid chain produces 9 acetyl CoA molecules, how many ATP are produce from this single fatty acid chain if all the molecules complete the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain? 10. A) Describe the process of "fermentation/anaerobic cellular respiration" (list the inputs and outputs). B) State wh organisms would use this method. C) State the waste products of fermentation in yeast and in animals.Explanation / Answer
Similarities between photosynthesis and respiration
1- Both of these processes are concerned with the production of energy in the form of ATP. Photosynthesis takes carbon dioxide and water with help of radiant energy from the sun to synthesize glucose while respiration takes a molecule of glucose and oxidizes it to produce energy in the form of ATP.
2- Inner mitochondrial membrane and Thylakoid membrane share similarity in that they have electron transport chain which helps in the production of energy by a similar mechanism of transporting electrons, generating Proton motive force and both have an ATPase for production of ATP.
Differences
1- Respiration is an oxidative process whereas photosynthesis is a reductive process.
2- Respiration takes place in the mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotes and cytosol of prokaryotes while as photosynthesis takes place in chloroplasts of all autotrophic organisms.
3-Photosynthesis is an Anabolic process as it is concerned with the formation of biomolecules. On the other hand, respiration is a catabolic process i.e concerned with the breakdown of complex molecules into simple ones.
The general reaction of photosynthesis is C6H12O6 + O2 --------> CO2 + H2O + EnergY
while as the general reaction of respiration is
CO2 + H2O -------->C6H12O6 + O2
Carbon dioxide + Water --------------> Glucose + Oxygen
4- Photosynthesis takes place in presence of light only while as respiration always occurs inside our cells, 24 hours a day.
5- Input for photosynthesis is carbon dioxide and water which results in the production of Glucose and oxygen is released as bi-product. In respiration, Glucose is broken down to carbon dioxide and oxygen with the release of energy, the opposite of photosynthesis.
2- LIGHT AND DARK REACTIONS
A) Light reactions
Light reactions occur in grana of chloroplasts. This process needs light and occurs only at daytime. There are many pigments like chlorophyll, carotenoids, phycobilins present in the thylakoid membrane, which harvest sunlight and transfer it to photosystems. There are two photosystems, PSI and PSII which transport electrons and produce ATP by photophosphorylation.
B) DARK REACTIONS
These reactions take place in the stroma of the chloroplast. These are called Dark reactions because they take place usually at night, but the light is essential for these reactions to occur. Dark reactions include C3cycle, C4 cycle, and Photorespiration which are concerned with the production of Carbohydrates and support food for all living organisms.
As plants consume CO2 and Release O2, they help in checking in high CO2 levels which could be otherwise harmful. High CO2 levels form a sheath around the atmosphere which doesn't allow the heat radiations from the sun to pass, increasing earth temperature. This process is called the greenhouse effect. Increase in earths temperature due to effects like greenhouse effect is called Global warming. Plants can mitigate this by lowering High CO2 levels and keeping a check on global warming.
Q7-
In Substrate- level phosphorylation ATP or GTP is formed by direct transfer of a phosphoryl group to ADP or GDP.
in Glycolysis there are two reaction where substrate level phosphorylation occurs
1- conversion of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate
This reaction is catabolized by phosphoglycerate kinase enzyme resulting in a production of ATP.
2- Phosphoenolpyruvate to Pyruvate
catalyzed by pyruvate kinase enzyme producing ATP.
Q8-
4 Phases of complete Glucose breakdown
1- Glycolysis
Breaks down glucose into pyruvate and takes place in the cytosol of the cell.
2- Reaction converting Pyruvate to Acetyl Co-A and CO2.
3--Citric Acid cycle
Takes place in the mitochondrial matrix and produces CO2, NADH, FADH2, and ATP
4- Electron Transport Chain
synthesizes ATP.