CHAPTER ELEVEN REVIEW QUESTIONS 1.) Contrast Catastrophism and unifomitarianism.
ID: 157706 • Letter: C
Question
CHAPTER ELEVEN REVIEW QUESTIONS
1.) Contrast Catastrophism and unifomitarianism. How did the proponents of each perceive the age of earth?
2.) Distinguish between numerical and relative dating
3.) What is the law of superposition? How are cross-cutting relationships used in relative dating?
4.) When you observe an outcrop of steeply inclined sedimentary layers, what principle allows you to assume that beds became tilted after they were deposited? 5.) FIGURE 11.5 A. Is fault A older or younger than the sandstone layer? B. Is dike A older or younger than the sandstone layer? C. Was the conglomerate deposited before or after fault A? D. Was the conglomerate deposited before or after fault B? E. Which fault is older, A or B? F. Is dike A older or younger than the batholiths?
6.) What is meant by the term correlation?
7.) List and briefly describe at least five different types of fossils.
8.) List two conditions that improve organism’s chances of being preserved as a fossil.
9.) Why are fossils such useful tools in correlation?
10.) What subdivisions make up the geologic time scale? What is primary basis for differentiating the eras?
CHAPTER TWELVE REVIEW
1.) Why is Earths molten metallic core important to humans living today?
2.) What two elements made up most of the very early universe?
3.) Briefly describe the formation of the planets from the solar nebula.
4.) Outgassing produced Earths early atmosphere, which was rich in what two gases?.
5.) Why is the evolution of a type of bacteria that employed photosynthesis to produce food important to most modern organisms?
6.) What was the source of water for the first ocean?
7.) How does the ocean remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere? What role do tiny marine organisms play?
8.) How can the movement of continent trigger climate change?
9.) What event is thought to have ended the reign of the dinosaurs?
CHAPTER THIRTEEN REVIEW
1.) How does the area of earth’s surface covered by the oceans compare with that of the continents? Describe the distribution of land and water on earth.
2.) Exclude the southern ocean, name the four main oceans basins. A. Which one is the largest in area? Which one is smallest? B. Which one is the deepest? Which one is shallowest? C. Which one is almost entirely within the Southern Hemisphere? D. Which one is exclusively in the Northern Hemisphere?
3.) What are turbidity currents? How do they differ from turbidites? What is meant by the term graded bedding?
4.) Describe the environmental conditions required for the development of coral reefs?
5.) How are ocean ridges and deep ocean trenches related to plate tectonics?
6.) Distinguish among the three basic types of seafloor sediment, and give an example of each.
7.) Discuss the present importance and future prospects for the production of offshore petroleum, gas hydrates, sand and gravel, evaporative salts, and manganese nodules.
CHAPTER FOURTEEN REVIEW QUESTIONS
1.) Define salinity. What is the average salinity of the ocean? Why do oceanographers typically express salinity in parts per thousand?
2.) What are the six most abundant components (elements) dissolved in seawater? What is produced when the two most abundant elements are combined?
3.) Why is desalination not likely to be a significant source of water for agriculture in the foreseeable future?
4.) Describe the oceans layered structure. Why does the three layer structure not exist in high latitudes?
5.) List three physical factors that are used to divide the ocean into marine life zones. Describe how each factor influences the abundance and distribution of marine life.
CHAPTER FIFTEEN REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What is the driving force of surface ocean current? The driving force is the wind. How do the distribution of continents on Earth and the Coriolis Effect influence these currents?
2. Why did Benjamin Franklin know about the ocean current pattern in the North Atlantic?
3. What is the driving force of deep ocean circulation?
4. Distinguish between shore, shoreline, coast, and coastline.
5. What is wave refraction?
Explanation / Answer
1. Catastropism says that earth has been formed by sudden events contrast to this other defines the process to be uniform and smooth with gradual changes
2.numerical dating is done when you want to know when this event took place in numbers but relative only help us in making sequence like this event preceeded or succeded the other event
3 in deformed stratigraphic sequences the old strata will form the base of the structure. Cross cutting relationship is uses to measure layers of the strata and in this superposition principle works which is used in relative dating
5.correlation means what will be the impact of a particular event on other events. Will they aggrevate or degrade.
this relation is called correlation