Infectious Disease Possible Essays Describe in detail the positive and negative
ID: 179005 • Letter: I
Question
Infectious Disease Possible Essays Describe in detail the positive and negative aspects of having a characteristic "normal flora" associated with various parts of the human body. Which parts of the body usually have resident normal flora, and what kinds are usually found in each one? What is an opportunistic pathogen? List 4 major types of virulence factors associated with bacteria, and briefly describe how each one facilitates pathogenesis. How do pathogens generally differ from normal flora? Where do the genes for virulence factors usually come from? What are "pathogenicity islands"? Describe the various types of information that epidemiologists use to detect, interrupt and prevent epidemics. List the possible mechanisms of transmission and reservoirs of infection. What is herd immunity? How does it work? What evidence do we have for it? What measures are currently taken in the U.S. to maintain it for certain diseases. What is a vaccine? How are vaccines made?Explanation / Answer
1) normal flora plays an important role in body. They helps in digestion of the foods, helps in breaking the foods in smaller units by releasing certain enzymes. They maintain the good stable state inside the body. These are present in urinary tract, skin, gastrointestinal tract mainly.. So the main negative point is if these bacteria move outside these specific organs and goes and interact with other organs it will cause harmful pathogensis to that organs..!!
They are oppurtunitics pathogens as which can cause infections as soon as the body immune system goes down in the cases like HIV, AIDS and other diseases..!!
2) the Virulence factors are those molecules which increases the pathogenicity of the bacteria helps in causing the infection. They are:-
(a) adhesion molecules which helps them to attach on the host cells and then helps them to invade them inside the cells.
(b) immunoglobin proteases which helps in breaking the immunoglobin molecules of the host organism thus prevent themselves from host cells immune system antibodies..!!
(c) the presence of capsule outside the bacterial cells helps in invasion in the body cells, prevent them from phagocytosis thus prevent themselves from being killed.
(d) in some bacteria the presence of the Virulence factors in which they control the level of GTP by GTPase helps in colonization of bacterial cells.
(e) toxins
IN normal flora these Virulence factor are absent or in Supressed state dur to body immune response.!! They basically comes from the exchange of genetic material in the natural environment in between the different bacteria which some result in gene transfer ie horizontal gene transfer . Moreover the plasmid also plays an important role some are obtained from the initial stages only..
The pathgenicity Islands are those type of islands which are formed by the microbes of different types by exchanging their genetic material among them by horizontal gene transfer.
4) herd immunity is a indirect way of providing immunity in which the when the large population are immune to the particular diseases thereby the non-immune population are protected from that particular diseases with the help of immune population people.
Vaccine are the modifications of certain molecules, microbes, pathogens, protein molecules which are inserted in the body in inactive or killed state to provide the immunity to that particular molecules by adaptive immunity resulting in formation of Antibiodies and memory cell inside the body
They are made by inactivity of the virulence factors of the bacteria, suppressing their pathogens causing gene, killing them.