Ch 23 Objectives . Explain the statement \"It is the population, not the individ

Question

Ch 23 Objectives . Explain the statement "It is the population, not the individual, that evolves." 2. Define the terms population, species, and gene pool. 3. List the five conditions that must be met for a population to remain in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. 4. Write the Hardy-Weinberg equation. Be able to use the equation to calculate allele trequencies or genotype frequencies. s. Explain the role of population size in genetic drift. 6. Describe how gene flow can act to reduce genetic differences between adjacent populations. 7. Distinguish among directional, disruptive, and stabilizing selection. Give an example of each mode of selection. s. What is heterozygote advantage? Ch 24 Objectives . What is the general definition of species (class notes evolutionary independence). How is evolutionary independence defined by the biological species concept, the morphological species concept, and the phylogenetic species concept? 2. Distinguish between prezygotic and postzygotic reproductive barriers. ribe five prezygotic reproductive barriers and give an example of each. 3. Desc 4. Explain a possible cause for hybrid breakdown. s. Explain how hybrid breakdown maintains separate species even if fertilization occurs. . Describe some limitations of the biological species concept, phylogenetic species concept, and morphological species concept. 7. Distinguish between allopatric and sympatric speciation. s. Define allopatric speciation. Describe the mechanisms that may lead to genetic divergence of isolated gene pools. . Explain how reproductive barriers evolve. Describe an

Explanation / Answer

Ch 23.

It is the population, not the individual, that evolves means that a single organism is never evolved by itself. To know the evolutionary process it is required to the population which is a collection of an individual. Natural selection is the survival of the fittest and therefore their adaptations are connected to each other.

       2. Ans-   

Population - All the of individuals of one species or group which live in a particular area is called population.

       Species - A group of an organism which has similar characteristics and able to interbreed is called species.

      Gene pool - The total collection of all genes in a population called gene pool.

3. Ans- The five conditions that must be met for a population to remain in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium include-

Condition 1 - A large population size.

Condition 2 - No immigration or emigration.

Condition 3 – Allelic frequency doesn’t change during mutation.

Condition 4 - Random mating.
Condition 5 - No natural selection.

4.Ans-

     There are two types of Hardy-Weinberg equation. For allele frequencies, the equation is

    p + q = 1

    The equation for genotype frequencies is   p2+2pq+q2=1

    Yes, this equation is able to calculate both allele frequencies or genotype frequencies.

    For allele frequency,

      p + q = 1
     p and q = gene frequency of the dominant and recessive alleles

      For genotype frequency ,

      p² + 2pq + q² = 1
      p² = frequency homozygous dominant
      2pq = frequency heterozygous
      q² = frequency homozygous recessive

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