I post this topic twice but whit different source, please DO NOT ANSWER if you a
ID: 203289 • Letter: I
Question
I post this topic twice but whit different source, please DO NOT ANSWER if you already answered first one and you cant make it unique.
#2
**IT HAS TO BE YOUR OWN WORD NO COPY FROM ANY WEBSITE EVEN CHEGG.COM
****Please note that each sentence should be very well written and each sentence should convey a unique thought (or you will not earn credit for the sentence)
Research topic: Genetic screen of soil microbes uncovers novel antibiotics
ARTICLE / Source link for research: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4166954/
Note: Please just use the source that I provided
Instructure:
1. Explain why you chose the topic - a minimum of 4 sentences
2. Describe what you learned about the topic - a minimum of 10 sentences
3. Describe something you learned that surprised you - a minimum of 4 sentences
4. Explain how material from class helped you to understand your topic better - a minimum of 2 sentences
Explanation / Answer
1. Explain why you chose the topic - a minimum of 4 sentences
Discovery of antibiotics is one of the mile stones in the history of medicine. It revolutionized the clinical field, but emergence of antibiotic resistant strains of pathogens started challenging the antibiotic world. Now a days due to many multidrug resistant pathogens most of the existing antibiotics are rendered ineffective, and there is a need to find new classes of efficient antibiotics. For that a thorough knowledge of antibiotic resistance mechanism in pathogens is needed. Metagenomics is a high through put approach for identifying thousands of antimicrobial compounds and resistance genes without the drawbacks of traditional techniques.
2. Describe what you learned about the topic - a minimum of 10 sentences
Large scale and irresponsible use of Antibiotics caused the emergence of resistance phenotypes and the need of the hour is finding novel classes of antimicrobial agents. Metagenomics plus deep sequencing is an approach which is superior to traditional method, in finding new antimicrobial compounds as well as in uncovering many antibiotic resistance genes, from environmental samples. But this approach has some limitations. Soil samples are store houses of microbial diversity and bacterial resistance to antibiotics can happen through spontaneous mutation or horizontal gene transfer. Functional analysis of metagenomic data will allow only the characterization of genes that are similar to the newly identified genes which results in unknown novel bioactive molecules being missed. Several metagenomic studies have discovered many previously unknown multidrug resistance cassettes. Antibiotic molecules mainly target DNA replication, protein synthesis and cell-wall biosynthesis of the pathogenic organism. Not only antibiotic resistance genes, but some genes with unrelated functions may confer resistance functions. Functional metagenomics on the other hand provide alternative opportunities for the identification of antibiotic compounds. But bias in the DNA extraction, size of inserts and choice of vectors and host, pose difficulty in the construction of metagenomic libraries. Next generation sequencing techniques generate large amount of metagenimic data, which contains a number of different genomes. The correct assembly of these data in to correct genome from NGS plat form is challenging and bioinformaticians employ many assembly algorithms and pipelines for this. Eg MetaVelvet. Identifying ORF of a gene from these sequences is another challenge. MetaGUN is an example of gene prediction tool. This is followed by characterization of the predicted gene. Identifying genes coding for antimicrobial compounds employs searching similar sequence in the reference database. Absence of a similar sequence may lead to discovery of a novel compound. Lot of bioactive molecules has been identified from soil samples through metagenomic approach.
3. Describe something you learned that surprised you - a minimum of 4 sentences
NGS techniques produce shorter reads than traditional dideoxynucletide sequencing.
Most antibiotics that are in use today are produced by chemical synthesis.
Non-pathogenic Proteo bacteria from soil can confer resistance to five antibiotic classes and its resistance genes had 100% nucleotide identity to those detected in pathogens from clinical isolates, which shows soil bacteria shares antibiotic resistance genes with human pathogens.
Some genes with totally unrelated functions participate in resistance functions.
ours is a “post-antibiotic era,” where people are susceptible to simple infections which used to be curable.
4. Explain how material from class helped you to understand your topic better - a minimum of 2 sentences
Previous knowledge on antibiotic resistance mechanisms and metagenomic techniques helped to understand the review better. So also did the understanding of different classes of antibiotics and their mode of action.