Please follow the instructions to construct a refractometer and answer the corre
ID: 2077477 • Letter: P
Question
Please follow the instructions to construct a refractometer and answer the corresponding questions.
The instructions below describe how to build a spectrometer. Here is a link if you wish to view the site where the instrcutions are from. Spectroscope
How to make a spectroscope
What we will need:
A CD or DVD that can be sacrificed to this project. We won't damage it, but getting it back will involve destroying our spectroscope. Old software CDROMs work great, and some can be had for free from internet service providers like AOL.
A cardboard box. An 8 inch cube works fine, but any size that can hold a CD or DVD disk will do.
Two single edged razor blades. These can be found in paint or hardware stores.
A small cardboard tube, the kind used as a core to wrap paper on.
Some cellophane tape.
Some aluminum tape (found in hardware stores), or some aluminum foil and glue.
Our spectroscope has three main parts. There is a slit made from two razor blades, a diffraction grating made from a CD disk, and a viewing port, made from a paper tube.
To make sure that all three parts are lined up properly, we will use the CD disk as a measuring device, and mark the spots where the slit and the viewing port will go.
Set the CD disk on top of the box, about a half inch from the left edge, and close to the box's bottom, as shown in the photo. Use a pen to trace the circle inside the CD disk onto the box. This mark shows us where the paper tube will go.
Now place the paper tube on the box, centered over the circle we just drew. Draw another circle on the box by tracing the outline of the paper tube.
Move the paper tube over a little bit. A half-inch is probably fine -- in the photo I placed it much farther to the right than necessary, but the aluminum tape covered up the mistake nicely. Trace another circle around the paper tube. These circles will tell us where to cut the box.
Now cut an oval out of the box with a sharp knife. The oval will allow the paper tube to enter the box at an angle.
The next step is to make the slit. Turn the box one quarter turn so the oval we just cut is to the right. Using the CD disk again, draw another small circle close to the left side of the box.
The slit will be on the far left of the box. Cut a small rectangle out of the box at the height marked by the small circle we made with the CD disk. The rectangle should be about a half inch wide, and two inches high.
Carefully unwrap the two razor blades, and set them over the rectangular hole. Make their sharp edges almost touch. Tape the razor blades to the box, being careful to leave a gap between the sharp edges that is nice and even, and not wider at the top or bottom.
Next, set the box right-side-up, with the slit towards you. Now tape the CD disk onto the back wall of the box. The rainbow side should face you, with the printed side touching the cardboard. The photo shows the disk a little too far to the left. The left edge of the disk should be the same distance from the left of the box as the slit is.
Now seal up any places on the box where light might leak in. Use the aluminum tape for this. You can also use aluminum foil for this purpose if you don't have any aluminum tape.
The last step is to use the aluminum tape to attach the paper tube. The aluminum tape will make a light-tight seal around the tube. To make sure the angle is correct, hold the slit up to a light, and look through the paper tube, adjusting it until you can see the full spectrum from red to purple.
Once you have assembled your spectrometer with the instructions in the lecture and above, use it to examine the spectra of three different light sources. Make sure that at least one of them is the sun or moon, but the others can be incandescent lights, compact fluorescent bulbs, LED lights, halogen or xenon bulbs, televisions, computer screens, candles, fireplaces, etc.
Then, answer the following questions in a separate document:
Describe the differences in appearance among the three spectra.
What feature of the light source do the spectra represent? In other words, what is it that you are actually analyzing?
Why do you think spectrometers are so valuable for studying celestial objects?
Part 2: Estimating the Number of Visible Stars in the Night Sky
For this, you will need an empty toilet roll and a clear, dark night. Before you start, jot down the number of stars that you think you can see in the night sky.
Aim your toilet roll at a part of the sky well above the horizon to avoid any haze pollution. Hold your roll steady and allow your eyes to get used to the light for a few seconds. Count the number of stars that you can see within through the roll. Do this four more times in other parts of the sky, and average the five counts.
The viewing diameter of a toilet roll is about 1/135th of the entire sky, at least for a relatively flat area. Mountains, buildings or large trees will obscure some of the sky. To determine the number of visible stars, multiply your average by 135.
Answer the following questions:
4. How similar is this to your original estimation?
5. What percentage of our galaxy do you think that we can see with the naked eye from Earth?
Part 3: Solar System
Please answer the following questions:
6. Why do you think that the inner planets are relatively close together, but the outer planets are spaced so widely apart?
7. Why do you think that the gaseous planets are gaseous, but the inner planets are not?
Explanation / Answer
Ans:- we know the function of refractometer measure inclination of light change the direction called angle of refraction. A refractometer are established the refraction angles & refractive index values. so we are using to the determine the concentrations of solutions.
so we are construction the refractometer . first of all we are gathering of microscopy slides from store & with the help of glue. we should glued the prisms into 60 degree. so we do some ray are tracing & 4 to 7 of them laid one side by other side & filled with samal wort. so the other side space filled with distilled water, so we found a really deflection. so our purpose is make automatic cut off for sparging so we are automatically detects a gravity (gravity is that 1.010).
so the that the tubing from the branches to feed wort passing through the inside for every glass prism so box is filled with either controlled 1.010 sugar solution or water for a slight deflection. so in this case no-deflection signals in the wort have hit 1.010. so the detector will be a pointer main aimed through all prisms with a photo detector directly from it. now ends of prisms they met the tubing out & tubing in. so they will be sealed with silicone etc. so in this theory to make refractometer.
Describe the differences in appearance among the three spectra.
(1) A continuous spectrum (2) an emission line spectrum (3) An absorption line spectrum
A continuous spectrum:- a continuum spectrum from a hot solid it means the light produced by incandescent source of light bulbs is a continum spectrum.so that kind of bulbs give off light for very fine coil of metal. our filament made of tungsten .they are getting very hot from when electric current passed it.
An emission line spectrum
the Sun are look at the spectrum of an object rather than a continuous spectrum. we will seen a series of shining lines with a very dark background. We will seen an emission of line spectrum if we are looking from the spectrum from one of the fluorescent light source. so we are now replacing the incandescent lights in home.
An absorption line spectrum
An absorption line spectrum are similar ways the convert of an emission line spectrum. in this series of bright lines in dark background & one sees dark lines on a continuous spectrum.
What feature of the light source do the spectra represent.
In spectra we are explain how the use of spectroscope & how to can measure wavelengths of light accurate. You have a chance to view for different 3 type of spectrum.
a light source which produces shining spectral line & told you to calculate the wavelength of this line. you can identify the element that are involved by the table printed on your spectrometer.
Yes spectrometers are so valuable for studying celestial objects. we know electromagnatic radiation & light is a spectrum of different kind of wavelengths. so the spectroscopy analysis of a light signal by wavelength. natural color images are break the light into 3 channels like red, green & blue. but spectroscopy is related to with breaking the light into a higher No. of bands for example 10, 100, or more & so the spectrometer instrument is do that