Answer in few sentences for each, thanks! . Explain the difference between homeo
ID: 219856 • Letter: A
Question
Answer in few sentences for each, thanks! . Explain the difference between homeostasis and equilibrium. 2. In the glycolytic path from glucose to pyruvate, three steps are practically irreversible. What are these steps, and how is each bypassed in gluconeogenesis? What advantages does an organism gain from havi ng separate pathways for anabolic and catabolic metabolism? What are the disadvantages? methods used by cells or organisms to avoid the operation of the futile cycle. 2/FBPase-2) become phosphorylated, and what are the consequences of its phosphorylation to the glycolytic and 3. What is a futile cydle"? Give an example of a potential futile cyclein carbohydrate mstabolism, and describe 4. Under what circumstances does the bifunctional protein phosphofructokinase-2/fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase (PFK- gluconeogenic pathways? 5. Name three glycolytic enzymes whose expression is up-regulated in response to insulin and two gluconeogenic enzymes whose expression is down-regulated in response to insulin. Describe the process of glycogen breakdown in muscle. Include a description of the structure of glycogen, the nature of the breakdown reaction and the breakdown product, and the required enzyme(s) 6.
Explanation / Answer
1. Maintaining the constant internal environment by a living body is called homeostasis. Homeostasis is maintained by thermoregulation and osmoregulation.
Equlibrium is maintaining the balance of the body. It is maintained by the bosy as the brain recieves the signals from visual skeletal systems of the body. The body coordinates all the three signals from the inner ear, visual system and skeletal system to maintain balance or equilibrium of the body.
2. The three irreversible reaction in glycolysis are.
i. The reaction catalysed by hexokinase- Glucose to Glucose-6-phosphate in presence of ATP is calatalysed by hexokinase.
ii.The reaction catalysed by phosphofructokinase- Fructose-6-phosphate to Fructose -1-6 diphosphate in presence of CACTP is catalysed by phosphofructokinase
iii. The reaction catalysed by pyruvic kinase- The 2-phosphoenol pyruvate is catalysed to pyruvate in presence of pyruvic kinsae.
3. A futile cycle is a substrate cycle which occurs when two metabolic pathways run simultaneously in oppsite directions and have no overall effect. There is only dissipation of energy in the form of heat. In this a precursor is converted in to a product in a forward reaction and then resynthesized to the precursor.
Gluconeogenesis and glycolysis have opposite directions. Their response to regulatory signals are opposite and they work against each other.
6. glycogen breaks down to form glucose in muscle. Glycogen phosphorylase is the primary enzyme for glycogen breakdown.
Glycogen is a polymer of glucose and is primary storage prduct in animals, fungi and bacteri- C6H10O5. It is a multibranched polysachharide of glucose. The breakdown of glycogen to glucose os called glycogenolysis. The breakdowm product is glucose and the enzyme is glycogen phosphorylase.