Please do the whole page 1-9 Name HW1: Medicine Directions: This assignment will
ID: 220384 • Letter: P
Question
Please do the whole page 1-9 Name HW1: Medicine Directions: This assignment will only be accepted in my MCPS Classroom it is due March 23 11.59 The deadline is April 3 12.01am. You will have two quizzes on Medicinal chemistry when you come back, 40 points. I suggest you completo the Medicinal chemistry HW. Videos, Read chapter, and HW packet this is your options. Exercises 1 List the three different ways in which drugs can be injected into the body Predict,giving a reason which of the three methods will result in the drug having the most rapid effect State what is meant by tolerance towards a drug and explain why it is potentially dangerous (a) Explain why the therapeutic index is defined differendly in animal studies and in humans (b) Outine the factors that must be considered when determining the dosage of a drug (c) Why can it be challenging to determine the dosage of a drug that has a low therapeutic index? 2 3 4 Describe three factors that influence the bioavalability of a drug. HW 2: Medicine Directions: This assignment will only be accepted in my MCPS Classroom It is due March 23 11:59. The deadline is April 3 12:01am. You will have two quizzes on Medicinal chemistry when you come back, 40 points. I suggest you complete the Medicinal chemistry HW, Videos, Read chapter, and HW packet this is your options. Exercises 5 (a) Aspirin is prepared by reacting salicylic ac d with excess ethanoic anbydride In an experiment 5005 g of salicylic acid was converted into 55.45 gof aspirin. What was the percentage yield? (b) How could you check the purity of your producti 6 Describe how chemical modification of aspirin can increase its bloavailability. 7 (a) Aspinin is described as a mild analgesic and as an anticoagulant. Explain the meaning of these two terms (b) Why can it be dangerous to consume alcoholic drinks when taking aspirin medication? Exercises 8 (a) With eference to the structure given in section 37 of the 1B data booklet, determine the molecular formula of penicillin. (b) Mark on the molecule where the side chain can be modified and explain why this is done. c) Refer to the part of the molecule responsible for its antibiotic properties, and explain the basis of its mode of action 9 Discuss three ways in which human activities have caused an increase in the resistance to penicillin in bacterial populations ir acid or pemExplanation / Answer
1. The three methods that drugs can be injected are
out of the three Intravenous is the most effective as it delivers the drug to the brain more quickly than any other route.
2. Drug tolerance is the diminished response of the patient's body to a particular drug due to repeated usage. The patient no longer gets treated with the starting dose and would require increased dosage strength. The administeration of increased dosage strength to the patient would result in side effects in the body as it cannot be eliminated faster and accumulates inside the body.
3. Therapeutic index is the expression that is used to compare the relative toxicity of the drug in comparison to its therapeutic range. In animals, this index is computed as the ratio between the median lethal dose to median effective dose. But in humans, it is always expressed as the ratio of the median toxic dose to median effective dose.
The above method of computing suggests that in animal study models, the study will be focussed more intensely on whether the dosage kills the animal whereas in humans the study focuses mainly on whether the dosage has any side effects.
b. Factors that are taken into consideration while arriving at the dosage of the drug are
c.It can be very challenging to determine the dosage of a drug that has a low therapeutic index as even a small dosage may result in side effects. The risk is also compounded due to inter and intraindividual variability in humans. One individual may get benefitted by the calculated dosage but another may get harmed awhen administered the same dosageof the drug. With the therapeutic index being very narrow, the calculation of the dosage form of the drug becomes more complicated.
4. Bioavailability is the portion of the drug that is unharmed/unchanged and can carry out its intended purpose inside the body.
Three factors that affect the bioavilabilty of the drug are