Plot the following environmental sounding, consisting of six (T,z) pairs: (15,0)
ID: 230812 • Letter: P
Question
Plot the following environmental sounding, consisting of six (T,z) pairs: (15,0), (13,100), (10,400), (10,600), (12,1000), (10,1300), where temperatures are in degreeC and heights are in m. Even though z is the independent variable, plot z on the ordinate rather than the abscissa in conformance with normal meteorological practice. The 6 points in this sounding define 5 layers in which lapse rates are co from layer to layer. Label the layers A through E, where A is the lowest layer and E is the highest layer. Draw a dashed line somewhere on the plot indicating the slope of the dry adiabatic lapse rate. Label the dashed line as 'gamma sub d = 9.8degreeC/km - 10degreeC/km). Remember that the lapse rate is defined as the rate of L temperature with height. In the past, students have had trouble with this exercise in giving the wrong sign for lapse rates. A lapse rate is positive if temperature decreases with height, and negative if temperature inci PLEASE, BE CAREFUL! Assume that the air in the sounding is unsaturated, and answer the following questions: What is the lapse rate in each of the layers A-E? What is the stability of each of the layers ('stable', 'neutral' or 'unstable')? Now, suppose that the moist adiabatic lapse rate is 5degreeC/km. Remember that the moist adiabatic lapse rate, while variable, must always be less than or equal to the dry adiabatic lapse rate. Draw a dot-dash line somewhere on the plot indicating the slope of the moist adiabat. Label it 'gamma sub m = 5degreeC/km'. Assume that the air in our environmental sounding is saturated, and answer the following question: What is the stability of each of the layers ('stable', 'neutral', or 'unstable')? Assume that you do not know if the air in the environmental sounding is saturated or unsaturated, and answer the following question: a. Which of the layers in the sounding is conditionally unstable? Now, without regard to the graph above, answer the following two questions: An unsaturated parcel, if taken from any height in an environmental sounding, will cool at what rate when lifted? An unsaturated parcel, if taken from any height in an environmental sounding, will warm at what rate when it sinks? Note in passing: We will consider that a parcel that is saturated (contains cloud droplets) will warm at the moist adiabatic rate (here, 5degreeC) when it sinks, until the cloud droplets evaporate. Continued descent will then produce warming at the dry adiabatic rate. This process is called a reversible moist adiabatic process. Suppose we have a cloudy parcel at a temperature of 10degreeC at 1km height. The parcel sinks to cloud base at 800 m height and then continues to sink to sea level. What will it's temperature be at sea level? What is the typical tropospheric lapse rate, as given in the Standard Atmosphere? Compare the standard atmosphere's typical value of lapse rate with the dry adiabatic lapse rate. Would you say that the atmosphere is typically stable or unstable?Explanation / Answer
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