ARTERIOSCLEROSIS AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS Explain the ARTERIOSCLEROSIS and how does a
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Question
ARTERIOSCLEROSIS AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS Explain the ARTERIOSCLEROSIS and how does atherosckerosis play a roke? Explain physical assessment and what are your clinical manifestation? What are your lavatory assessments? What are your alternative therapies? Review the drug alert when it comes to statins. interventions: nutrition, physical activity, drugs therapy and complementary and HYPERTENSION What is the pathophysiology for hypertension? Explain the mechanisms that influence blood pressure. explain the four control systems What are the classifications of hypertension? Review eating healthy people 2020 objectives What are the guidelines to reduce cardiovascular risk outcomes? What are you doing physical assessment What might be some of the clinical manifestations? What type of diagnostic testing is needed? What will be your expected outcomes and interventions when t comes to teaching your patient about Lifestyle Changes complementary and alternative therapy drug therapy remember to know some of the common medications that are given as well as some of the mechanism of action and what sort of nursing interventions would be needed for some of the medications and understand why or the rationale. Know the drug alerts when it comes to the thiazides, Loop diuretics and potassium sparing diuretics and What do you want to monitorExplanation / Answer
Arteriosclerosis:is the thickening, hardening and loss of elasticity of the walls of arteries.[3] This process gradually restricts the blood flow to one's organs and tissues and can lead to severe health risks
The worsening is of the Arteriosclerosis can lead to atherosclerosis
Physical Assessment and Clincal Manifestation
Laborotary Assesments:
Blood tests.
Specific lipid studies (if necessary) include the following:
Serum markers in patients with suspected acute cardiac events (ACS, MI) include the following:
Serum aspartate aminotransferase
Doppler ultra sound to dignsis the stenosis and flow of the arteries
EKG
Nuclear Imaging Studies:
These studies are useful in assessing patients for hemodynamically significant coronary artery stenoses. Stress and rest nuclear scintigraphic studies using thallium, sestamibi, or teboroxime are sometimes helpful.
Types of nuclear imaging stress tests include a treadmill nuclear stress test, a dipyridamole (Persantine) or adenosine nuclear stress test, and a dobutamine nuclear
Medical mangement:
Treatment is often in the form of preventative measures of prophylaxis. Drug therapy for underlying conditions, such as drugs for the treatment of high cholesterol, drugs to treat high blood pressure (ACE inhibitors),[2] and anti-coagulant drugs, are often prescribed to help prevent arteriosclerosis. Lifestyle changes such as increasing exercise, stopping smoking, and moderating alcohol intake are also advised.[1] Experimental treatments include senolytic drugs, or drugs that selectively eliminate senescent cells, which enhance vascular reactivity and reduce vascular calcification in a mouse model of atherosclerosis, as well as improving cardiovascular function in old mi
Nutrional mangement :
Pathology and Dietary Risk Factors
Atherosclerosis often starts in childhood, 20 years before a formal diagnosis.3 Vascular physiologist Michael Skilton, Ph.D., with the University of Sydney’s Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise, and Eating Disorders, suspects it starts in utero, based on the effect parents’ dietary choices have on the development of endothelial function, or development of cells that line the arteries.
According to the American Society of Nutrition, 97 percent of adults fall short on recommended dietary fiber intake, a nutrient only found in plants, with adults and teens consuming roughly half of the government’s recommended five servings of fruits and vegetables each day.5-6 Only 13 percent of adults consume 1.5 to 2 cups of fruit, and just 9 percent eat 2 to 3 cups of vegetables each day.7 Our nation’s dietary patterns help illustrate why one-third of adults have elevated cholesterol and high blood pressure,8-9 and why two-thirds struggle with excess weight,10 three leading risk factors for cardiovascular disease.
1. Choose plant-based foods: vegetables, beans, whole grains, and fruit.
2. Minimize refined grains, added salt, and sweeteners.
3. Include some nuts and seeds; avoid oils.
4. Avoid foods containing saturated and trans fats.5. Have a reliable source of vitamin B12.
2.Hypertension:
The pathophysiology of hypertension is an area which attempts to explain mechanistically the causes of hypertension, which is a chronic disease characterized by elevation of blood pressure.Hypertension can be classified by cause as either essential (also known as primary or idiopathic) or secondary
The following mechanisms help regulate blood pressure: The cardiovascular center provides a rapid, neural mechanism for the regulation of blood pressure by managing cardiac output or by adjusting blood vessel diameter. ... The cardiac center stimulates cardiac output by increasing heart rate and contractility
Higher brain regions, such as the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, and limbic system, signal the cardiovascular center when conditions (stress, fightorflight response, hot or cold temperature) require adjustments to the blood pressure.
Classification of Blood Pressure:
ssification Systolic BP (mmHg) Diastolic BP (mmHg)
Normal 120 <80
Prehypertension 120-139 80-89
Stage1 140-159 90-99
Stage2 >160 >100
Patient population under consideration. This recommendation applies to adults without known hypertension.
Screening tests. Office measurement of blood pressure is most commonly done with a sphygmomanometer. High blood pressure (hypertension) is usually defined in adults as a systolic blood pressure of 140 mmHg or higher, or a diastolic blood pressure of 90 mmHg or higher. Because of the variability in individual blood pressure measurements, it is recommended that hypertension be diagnosed only after 2 or more elevated readings are obtained on at least 2 visits over a period of 1 to several weeks.1
Assessment of risk. The relationship between systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure and cardiovascular risk is continuous and graded. The actual level of blood pressure elevation should not be the sole factor in determining treatment. Clinicians should consider the patient's overall cardiovascular risk profile, including smoking, diabetes, abnormal blood lipid values, age, sex, sedentary lifestyle, and obesity, when making treatment decisions.
Screening interval. Evidence is lacking to recommend an optimal interval for screening adults for hypertension. The seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC 7) recommends screening every 2 years in persons with blood pressure less than 120/80 mm Hg and every year with systolic blood pressure of 120 to 139 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure of 80 to 89 mm Hg.2
Treatment:
Thiazide diuretics are often the first, but not the only, choice in high blood pressure medications. Thiazide diuretics include hydrochlorothiazide (Microzide), chlorthalidone and others.
If you're not taking a diuretic and your blood pressure remains high, talk to your doctor about adding one or replacing a drug you currently take with a diuretic. Diuretics or calcium channel blockers may work better for black and older people than do angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors alone. A common side effect of diuretics is increased urination.
When prescribed alone, beta blockers don't work as well, especially in black and older people, but may be effective when combined with other blood pressure medications.
Grapefruit juice interacts with some calcium channel blockers, increasing blood levels of the medication and putting you at higher risk of side effects. Talk to your doctor or pharmacist if you're concerned about interactions.